Microlensing by natural wormholes: theory and simulations

We provide an in depth study of the theoretical peculiarities that arise in effective negative mass lensing, both for the case of a point mass lens and source, and for extended source situations. We describe novel observational signatures arising in the case of a source lensed by a negative mass. We show that a negative mass lens produces total or partial eclipse of the source in the umbra region and also show that the usual Shapiro time delay is replaced with an equivalent time gain. We describe these features both theoretically, as well as through numerical simulations. We provide negative mass microlensing simulations for various intensity profiles and discuss the differences between them. The light curves for microlensing events are presented and contrasted with those due to lensing produced by normal matter. Presence or absence of these features in the observed microlensing events can shed light on the existence of natural wormholes in the Universe.Comment: 16 pages, 24 postscript figures (3 coloured), revtex style, submitted to Phys. Rev.

Palynology and correlation of the Upper Pennsylvanian Tobra Formation from Zaluch Nala, Salt Range, Pakistan

Samples from the upper 84 m of a 125 m thick section of the Tobra Formation at Zaluch Nala, western Salt Range, Pakistan yielded palynomorph taxa including the spores Horriditriletes sp. and Microbaculispora tentula, abundant monosaccate pollen including Barakarites cf. rotatus, Cannanoropollis janakii and Plicatipollenites malabarensis, and rare taeniate and non-taeniate bisaccate pollen. Converrucosisporites grandegranulatus, Cycadopites cymbatus, Horriditriletes ramosus, Horriditriletes tereteangulatus and Microbaculispora tentula indicate the South Oman 2165B Biozone (Late Pennsylvanian), suggesting that the Tobra Formation in Zaluch Nala is equivalent to the middle part of the Al Khlata Formation of South Oman (Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) Al Khlata production unit AK P5). Brevitriletes leptoacaina, Brevitriletes parmatus, Horriditriletes ramosus and Microbaculispora tentula indicate the lower part of the Oman and Saudi Arabia Palynological Zone 2 (OSPZ2). The Tobra Formation assemblages are also correlated with those from Stage 2 and the eastern Australian Microbaculispora tentula Oppel-zone, based on the occurrence of Brevitriletes cornutus, Brevitriletes parmatus, Cycadopites cymbatus, Horriditriletes ramosus, Horriditriletes tereteangulatus and Microbaculispora tentula. The Tobra Formation in Zaluch Nala lacks the deglaciation sequence that is present in several other palaeogeographically nearby basins such as those of south Arabia and Western Australia. This is an indication of either non-deposition during the deglaciation period or erosion associated with the unconformity between the Tobra Formation and the overlying Warchha Formation