Geology of the Goodber Common area : 1:10 000 sheet SD66SW : part of 1:50 000 sheet 59 (Lancaster)

This report describes the geology of the 1:10,000 sheet SD 66 SW (Goodber Common), part of the 1:50,000 Series sheet 59 (Lancaster). The first geological survey of the area, at the 1:10,560 scale, was carried out by R.C. Tiddeman and published as part of the Lancashire County Series sheets 31 and 32, and as part of the 1:50,000 Primary Series sheet 91 NE (1884). The present survey was carried out during the summer of 1988 by Richard A. Hughes, under the direction of Dr A.J. Wadge, Regional Geologist. The only published work on the area is by Moseley. The area was part of the ground described in his (1954) account and map of the Namurian of the Lancaster Fells. Some of the glacial features are mentioned in a wider context in his account of the glacial history of the area (Moseley and Walker, 1952). The Goodber Common sheet (see figure 1) lies on the northern watershed of the Bowland Fells. Altitude decreases steadily northwards from a high point of approximately 495 m in the extreme south-west corner, to approximately 105 m in Roeburndale [611 649] on the northern margin of the sheet. Goodber Common and Summersgill Fell form a broad, flat, north-south watershed. To the east the land is drained by the River Hindburn and its tributaries, to the west the land is drained by the River Roeburn and its tributaries, notably Mallow Gill and Pedders Gill. Much of the higher ground is very poor quality land used only for sheep grazing and for grouse shooting. The slightly better quality land of the northern part of the area is used for cattle and sheep grazing and for animal fodder crops. A large area in the south-east on Thrushgill Fell has been planted with conifers. Access to the southern part of the area is difficult, and the rough track (passable only by four-wheel driven vehicles) which links Hornby and Slaidburn is a very useful way of access. Ten graphical section logs (Figures 2-11) are presented in Appendix 1 at the back of the report

Geology of the Quernmore area : 1:10 000 sheet SD55NW : part of 1:50 000 Sheet 59 (Lancaster)

This report describes the surface geology of the 1:10 000 Series sheet SD 55 NW, part of the 1:50 000 Series sheet 59 (Lancaster). Detailed descriptions of the geological sequence encountered in the Wyresdale Tunnel, which crosses beneath the eastern part of this area, can be found in Johnson (1981) and Wilson et al. (1989). The area was first mapped at the 1:10 560 scale by J.R. Dakyns and R.H. Tiddeman in 1875-76 and published at the 1:10 560 scale in 1880 as parts of the Lancashire County Series sheets 30, 31, 34 and 35. In 1884 the geological information was published at the 1:63 360 scale as part of the Old Series sheet number 59 (Lancaster). During the present survey, the area to the south-east of the Quernrnore to Garstang road (approximately three quarters of the sheet) was mapped by Dr A.A. Wilson in 1984, as part of the BGS work commissioned by the North-west Water Authority in response to the Abbeystead Explosion Public Enquiry. Several, significant and previously unknown marine band localities were discovered by Dr Wilson during this survey. The remainder of the sheet was surveyed by Dr R.A. Hughes in 1988. A limited amount of field work was carried out by Dr A Brandon in 1990 and parts of the geological mapped revised. The area is one of hilly pastureland, marginal to the high, heather covered moorland of the Bowland Fells to the north-east. The rugged escarpment of Clougha extends into the north-east corner of the sheet, the highest point [5492 5939] being 421 m above Ordnance Datum. In the west, the north-east trending valley of the River Conder is the major topographical feature, and drains to the south. The lowest point is at the western end of the Conder valley [579 500], where elevation is less than 45 m above Ordnance Datum. To the east of the Conder valley the main lines of drainage flow from north to south along a series of glacial meltwater channels. The only centre of habitation is the ribbon development of Quernrnore [59 51]. The north-eastern part of the area was mapped by Moseley (1954). A detailed geological log of the Wyresdale Tunnel, constructed to link the drainage systems of the Rivers Lune and Wyre, was made by E.W. Johnson, N. Aitkenhead, J.I. Chisholm, R.S. Arthurton, and D.J.C. Mundy of the BGS, during construction. The results were published in a sedimentological synthesis by Johnson (1981), who described the succession in terms of a prograding delta-front sequence. Following the Wyresdale Tunnel explosion in May 1984, the BGS surveyed the area in an attempt to identify the source and the trap of the methane which exploded. A description of the geology as found during this survey is given in Wilson, Brandon, and Johnson (1989). All fossils recorded in this report were identified by Dr N.J.Riley. Subsequent to the preparation of the original draft report the stratigraphy and geological map of the area has been revised, particularly with regards to the Roeburndale Formation. This report therefore includes parts revised by Dr A Brandon in consultation with Or A A Wilson

Geology of the Abbeystead area, (SD 55 SE) : part of 1:50,000 Sheets 59 (Lancaster) and 67 (Garstang)

This report describes the geology of BGS 1-10,000 Sheet SD 55 SE, part. of the 1:50,000 Sheets 59 (Lancaster) and 67 (Garstang). The area was first mapped by R.C. Tiddemann on the scale of 1:10,560, and was published on the Primary Series Sheets 91 NE and 91 SE in 1884. The present survey was carried out between 1984 and 1986 by R.A. Hughes, E.W. Johnson, and A. Brandon, under the supervision of Dr A.J. Wadge, Regional Geologist. The southern two thirds of the area was mapped by R.A. ijughes, and the northern third (including the important sections of the River Wyre and its tributaries) by Drs Brandon and Johnson. Approximately the southern third of the area is peat and heather covered moorland, used only for sheep grazing and grouse shooting. Hawthornthwaite Fell Top [5790 5148] is the highest point at 478 m, and lies on the watershed of the Bowland Fells. To the south-west of here the land drains into the headwaters of Langden Brook. To the north-west of the watershed the land drains into the River Wyre. The remainder of the area is relatively lower-lying and flat, and is used for pasture and for growing fodder crops. The northern part of the area is incised by the westerly flowing River Wyre and its tributaries. (The Marshaw Wyre and the Tarnbrook Wyre join at Abbeystead to form the River Wyre). The area contains the southern end of the Wyresdale tunnel, the geology of which was described by Johnson (1981). The southern portal of the tunnel was the site of a fatal explosion in May, 1984. The mapping of the northern third of the sheet was a response to the demand for detailed geological information for use in the ensuing public enquiry. The results of this work are presented in Wilson, Brandon, and Johnson (1985). The only other work in the area is in the extreme north-west of the sheet, which was mapped by Moseley (195

Geology of the Trough of Bowland area (SD 65 SW) : part of 1:50,000 Sheets 59 (Lancaster) and 67 (Garstang)

This report describes the geology of the 1:10 000 sheet SO 65 SW (Trough of Bowland), part of the 1:50 000 sheets 67 (Garstang) and 59 (Lancaster). The original geological survey was carried out on a scale of 1:10 560 by R. c. Tiddemann, and published as part of the Primary Series Sheets 91NE (1884: New Series Sheet 59) and 91SE (1883: New Series Sheet 67). The present survey was carried out by R. A. Hughes during 1985-86, under the direction of Dr A.J. Wadge, Regional Geologist. The ground to the north of the Miller's House Fault in the extreme northwest of the map was surveyed by Dr A. Brandon in 1984. Most of the area consists of high, open moorland covered by peat bog and heather. Whins Brow [6363 5329] is the highest point at 476m (see Figure 1). The lowest areas are the Brennand and Langden valleys. The Trough of Bowland leads to the major watershed of the Bowland Fells at the Grey Stone of Trough (295m) [6225 5305]. To the north of the watershed is the drainage system of the River Wyre, to the south the River Hodder. Apart from some conifer forestation, farming is entirely pastoral. Sheep graze the poor quality moorland and steep valley sides, while the marginally better pasture of the valley floors supports stock cattle. This is an important water catchment area for the North West Water Authority, supplying the industrial towns of north Lancashire. Structurally the area is dominated by the Sykes and Brennand peri clines which are part of the Ribblesdale Fold Belt. Though these structures have long been referred to as anticlines they are are more accurately described as periclines. Both have an ENE - WSW axial trace, and both have Dinantian rocks exposed in their cores. All the higher ground of the area is made up largely of Namurian sandstones. The "South-western part of the Sykes Anticline" was the subject of a paper by Moseley (1962), in which the succession and structure were described in detail

The stratigraphy, correlation, provenance and palaeogeography of the Skiddaw Group (Ordovician) in the English Lake District

A new lithostratigraphy is presented for the Skiddaw Group (lower Ordovician) of the English Lake District. Two stratigraphical belts are described. Five formations are defined in the Northern Fells Belt, ranging in age from Tremadoc to early Llanvirn. They are all mudstone or sandstone dominated, of turbidite origin; in ascending order they are named the Bitter Beck, Watch Hill, Hope Beck, Loweswater and Kirk Stile formations. Two formations are defined in the Central Fells Belt, ranging in age from late Arenig to Llanvirn. These are the Buttermere Formation - a major olistostrome deposit - overlain by the Tarn Moor Formation, consisting of turbidite mudstones with volcaniclastic turbidite sandstone beds. A revised graptolite and new acritarch biostratigraphy for the Skiddaw Group is presented with eight graptolite biozones and thirteen acritarch assemblages and sub-assemblages. The provenance of the group is assessed from detailed petrographical and geochemical work. This suggests derivation, in the early Ordovician, largely from an old inactive continental arc terrane lying to the south-east, with the appearance of juvenile volcanic material in the Llanvirn. Comparisons and correlations of the Skiddaw Group are made with the Isle of Man and eastern Ireland

Reducing smoking in adolescents: cost-effectiveness results from the cluster randomized ASSIST (A Stop Smoking In Schools Trial)

Introduction: School-based smoking prevention programmes can be effective, but evidence on cost-effectiveness is lacking. We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis of a school-based “peer-led” intervention.<p></p> Methods: We evaluated the ASSIST (A Stop Smoking In Schools Trial) programme in a cluster randomized controlled trial. The ASSIST programme trained students to act as peer supporters during informal interactions to encourage their peers not to smoke. Fifty-nine secondary schools in England and Wales were randomized to receive the ASSIST programme or usual smoking education. Ten thousand seven hundred and thirty students aged 12–13 years attended participating schools. Previous work has demonstrated that the ASSIST programme achieved a 2.1% (95% CI = 0%–4.2%) reduction in smoking prevalence. We evaluated the public sector cost, prevalence of weekly smoking, and cost per additional student not smoking at 24 months.<p></p> Results: The ASSIST programme cost of £32 (95% CI = £29.70–£33.80) per student. The incremental cost per student not smoking at 2 years was £1,500 (95% CI = £669–£9,947). Students in intervention schools were less likely to believe that they would be a smoker at age 16 years (odds ratio [OR] = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.66–0.96).<p></p> Conclusions: A peer-led intervention reduced smoking among adolescents at a modest cost. The intervention is cost-effective under realistic assumptions regarding the extent to which reductions in adolescent smoking lead to lower smoking prevalence and/or earlier smoking cessation in adulthood. The annual cost of extending the intervention to Year 8 students in all U.K. schools would be in the region of £38 million and could result in 20,400 fewer adolescent smokers.<p></p&gt

Derivation of a No-significant-risk-level (NSRL) for dermal exposures to diethanolamine

AbstractDiethanolamine (DEA) has been found to produce liver and kidney tumors in mice following lifetime dermal exposures. Data regarding the mode of action by which DEA produces these tumors were used to support a dose-response assessment that resulted in a no-significant-risk-level (NSRL) for dermal exposures to DEA. DEA and its metabolites are structural analogs to endogenous agents important to choline homeostasis. Sufficient information is available to support an epigenetic MOA involving the perturbation of choline homeostasis and hepatic methylation reactions in the formation of mouse liver tumors. This MOA may also apply to mouse kidney tumors, but direct measurements for key events in kidney are lacking. For both tumor types, dose-response data were pooled across four cancer bioassays conducted for DEA and DEA-containing condensates in order to provide a more robust characterization of the dose-response relationships. Doses were expressed in terms of dermally absorbed dose so that the dose-dependency and species differences in the dermal absorption of DEA were addressed. The resulting NSRL value of 3400 ug/day for dermal exposures to DEA is considered to be protective of human health for both tumor endpoints

Dietary alpha-linolenic acid enhances omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in chicken tissues

The effects of enriching broiler chicken diets with a vegetable source of n−3 fat in the form of alpha- linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n−3) on the accumulation of n−3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in chicken meat were investigated. Sixty unsexed one-day-old broiler chickens (Cobb 500) were randomly allocated to one of six diets (n=10 birds/diet) for 4 weeks. The ALA levels varied from 1 to 8% energy (%en) while the level of the n−6 fatty acid linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n−6) was held to less than 5%en in all diets. At harvest (day 28) the levels of n−3 LCPUFA including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in breast and thigh meat increased in a curvilinear manner as dietary ALA increased, reaching 4- to 9-fold above the levels seen in control birds. In contrast, arachidonic acid (AA) was reduced in response to increasing dietary ALA

Cell-wall-inhibiting antibiotic combinations with activity against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli

AbstractThe increasing prevalence of hospital and community-acquired infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens is rapidly limiting the options for effective antibiotic therapy. Systematic studies on combinations of already available antibiotics that could provide an effective treatment against MDR bacteria are needed. We tested combinations of antibiotics that target one important physiological function (peptidoglycan synthesis) at several steps, and studied Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli) for which multidrug resistance associated with ESBL-producing plasmids has become a major problem. To measure the effectiveness of antibiotics alone and in combination, we used checkerboard assays, static antibiotic concentration time-kill assays, and an improved in-vitro kinetic model that simulates human pharmacokinetics of multiple simultaneously administered antibiotics. The target strains included an MDR K. pneumoniae isolate responsible for a recent major hospital outbreak. A double combination (fosfomycin and aztreonam) and a triple combination (fosfomycin, aztreonam and mecillinam) were both highly effective in reducing bacterial populations in all assays, including the in vitro kinetic model. These combinations were effective even though each of the MDR strains was resistant to aztreonam alone. Our results provide an initial validation of the potential usefulness of a combination of antibiotics targeting peptidoglycan synthesis in the treatment of MDR Gram-negative bacteria. We suggest that a combination of fosfomycin with aztreonam could become a useful treatment option for such infections and should be further studied

FliPpr: A Prettier Invertible Printing System

When implementing a programming language, we often write a parser and a pretty-printer. However, manually writing both programs is not only tedious but also error-prone; it may happen that a pretty-printed result is not correctly parsed. In this paper, we propose FliPpr, which is a program transformation system that uses program inversion to produce a CFG parser from a pretty-printer. This novel approach has the advantages of fine-grained control over pretty-printing, and easy reuse of existing efficient pretty-printer and parser implementations