29,256 research outputs found
A logic for reasoning about knowledge of unawareness
In the most popular logics combining knowledge and awareness, it is not possible to express statements about knowledge of unawareness such as “Ann knows that Bill is aware of something Ann is not aware of” – without using a stronger statement such as “Ann knows that Bill is aware of p and Ann is not aware of p”, for some particular p. In Halpern and Rêgo (2006, 2009b) (revisited in Halpern and Rêgo (2009a, 2013)) Halpern and Rêgo introduced a logic in which such statements about knowledge of unawareness can be expressed. The logic extends the traditional framework with quantification over formulae, and is thus very expressive. As a consequence, it is not decidable. In this paper we introduce a decidable logic which can be used to reason about certain types of unawareness. Our logic extends the traditional framework with an operator expressing full awareness, i.e., the fact that an agent is aware of everything, and another operator expressing relative awareness, the fact that one agent is aware of everything another agent is aware of. The logic is less expressive than Halpern’s and Rêgo’s logic. It is, however, expressive enough to express all of the motivating examples in Halpern and Rêgo (2006, 2009b). In addition to proving that the logic is decidable and that its satisfiability problem is PSPACE-complete, we present an axiomatisation which we show is sound and complete
Modal Logics with Hard Diamond-free Fragments
We investigate the complexity of modal satisfiability for certain
combinations of modal logics. In particular we examine four examples of
multimodal logics with dependencies and demonstrate that even if we restrict
our inputs to diamond-free formulas (in negation normal form), these logics
still have a high complexity. This result illustrates that having D as one or
more of the combined logics, as well as the interdependencies among logics can
be important sources of complexity even in the absence of diamonds and even
when at the same time in our formulas we allow only one propositional variable.
We then further investigate and characterize the complexity of the
diamond-free, 1-variable fragments of multimodal logics in a general setting.Comment: New version: improvements and corrections according to reviewers'
comments. Accepted at LFCS 201
The Grail theorem prover: Type theory for syntax and semantics
As the name suggests, type-logical grammars are a grammar formalism based on
logic and type theory. From the prespective of grammar design, type-logical
grammars develop the syntactic and semantic aspects of linguistic phenomena
hand-in-hand, letting the desired semantics of an expression inform the
syntactic type and vice versa. Prototypical examples of the successful
application of type-logical grammars to the syntax-semantics interface include
coordination, quantifier scope and extraction.This chapter describes the Grail
theorem prover, a series of tools for designing and testing grammars in various
modern type-logical grammars which functions as a tool . All tools described in
this chapter are freely available
GaInNAs-based Hellish-vertical cavity semiconductor optical amplifier for 1.3 μm operation
Hot electron light emission and lasing in semiconductor heterostructure (Hellish) devices are surface emitters the operation of which is based on the longitudinal injection of electrons and holes in the active region. These devices can be designed to be used as vertical cavity surface emitting laser or, as in this study, as a vertical cavity semiconductor optical amplifier (VCSOA). This study investigates the prospects for a Hellish VCSOA based on GaInNAs/GaAs material for operation in the 1.3-μm wavelength range. Hellish VCSOAs have increased functionality, and use undoped distributed Bragg reflectors; and this coupled with direct injection into the active region is expected to yield improvements in the gain and bandwidth. The design of the Hellish VCSOA is based on the transfer matrix method and the optical field distribution within the structure, where the determination of the position of quantum wells is crucial. A full assessment of Hellish VCSOAs has been performed in a device with eleven layers of Ga0.35In0.65N0.02As0.08/GaAs quantum wells (QWs) in the active region. It was characterised through I-V, L-V and by spectral photoluminescence, electroluminescence and electro-photoluminescence as a function of temperature and applied bias. Cavity resonance and gain peak curves have been calculated at different temperatures. Good agreement between experimental and theoretical results has been obtained
High Availability Train To Wayside Communication System For Subway Application Using 802.11X
International audienceWireless transmission for train to wayside communication is now a reality, including for the train control application. However subway applications entail specific constraints, such as environment, high speed mobility, need for a rugged data communication system with very high availability of the links and specific requirements in terms of quality. In addition, the operation of such system requires more throughputs for offering additional new services such as video or other data communication for other sub-systems. Finally, the life of the system shall be at least of 30 years.The challenge is to design a whole system and an architecture integrating products from the 802.11 family (WiFi). These products should be available on the market and they still have to meet all the requirements mentioned above. The present approach focuses on modularity, redundancy architecture and control of the link budget. Dedicated optimized algorithms address mobility features
Real-time counting of single electron tunneling through a T-shaped double quantum dot system
Real-time detection of single electron tunneling through a T-shaped double
quantum dot is simulated, based on a Monte Carlo scheme. The double dot is
embedded in a dissipative environment and the presence of electrons on the
double dot is detected with a nearby quantum point contact. We demonstrate
directly the bunching behavior in electron transport, which leads eventually to
a super-Poissonian noise. Particularly, in the context of full counting
statistics, we investigate the essential difference between the dephasing
mechanisms induced by the quantum point contact detection and the coupling to
the external phonon bath. A number of intriguing noise features associated with
various transport mechanisms are revealed.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure
The relationship between trough concentration of vancomycin and effect on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in critically ill patients
Objectives. The incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in intensive care units in Malaysia is significant. Invasive MRSA infections are commonly treated with vancomycin. In clinical practice, the serum vancomycin trough concentration is used as a surrogate marker of vancomycin efficacy. A low concentration of vancomycin may result in less effective therapy and increase the risk of bacterial resistance. We evaluated the relationship between the resolution of MRSA infections and trough concentrations of vancomycin.Methods. A total of 76 patients admitted between January 2005 and February 2011 were included in the study. Serum vancomycin trough concentration data were collected from the microbiology records. The clinical response was evaluated on the basis of clinical notes and culture test results.Results. A total of 262 appropriate trough concentration data was included, with a median of 3 trough concentrations per patient. Fifty-four patients responded to vancomycin therapy. The initial trough concentration did not differ between responders and non-responders (p=0.135), but the corrected trough concentration was higher among responders than among non-responders (11.64±1.50 mg/l and 9.25±1.59 mg/l, respectively; p=0.036). The average total daily dose of vancomycin was significantly higher among the responders (p=0.008).Conclusion. In this critically ill population, a vancomycin dose of 15 mg/kg/day was found sufficient to produce optimal trough concentrations to eradicate the MRSA infection. This study demonstrated the significant relationship between response to treatment of MRSA infection and serum vancomycin trough concentrations.S Afr Med J 2012;102(7):616-61
- …