An Efficient Mode Decision Algorithm Based on Dynamic Grouping and Adaptive Adjustment for H.264/AVC

“This material is presented to ensure timely dissemination of scholarly and technical work. Copyright and all rights therein are retained by authors or by other copyright holders. All persons copying this information are expected to adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by each author's copyright. In most cases, these works may not be reposted without the explicit permission of the copyright holder." “Copyright IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.”The rate distortion optimization (RDO) enabled mode decision (MD) is one of the most important techniques introduced by H.264/AVC. By adopting the exhaustive calculation of rate distortion, the optimal MD enhances the video encoding quality. However, the computational complexity is significantly increased, which is a key challenge for real-time and low power consumption applications. This paper presents a new fast MD algorithm for highly efficient H.264/AVC encoder. The proposed algorithm employs a dynamic group of candidate inter/intra modes to reduce the computational cost. In order to minimize the performance loss incurred by improper mode selection for the previously encoded frames, an adaptive adjustment scheme based on the undulation of bitrate and PSNR is suggested. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm reduces the encoding time by 35% on average, and the loss of PSNR is usually limited in 0.1 dB with less than 1% increase of bitrate

An efficient fast mode decision algorithm for H.264/AVC intra/inter predictions

H.264/AVC is the newest video coding standard, which outperforms the former standards in video coding efficiency in terms of improved video quality and decreased bitrate. Variable block size based mode decision (MD) with rate distortion optimization (RDO) is one of the most impressive new techniques employed in H.264/AVC. However, the improvement on performance is achieved at the expense of significantly increased computational complexity, which is a key challenge for real-time applications. An efficient fast mode decision algorithm is then proposed in this paper. By exploiting the correlation between macroblocks and the statistical characteristics of sub-macroblock in MD, the video encoding time can be reduced 52.19% on average. Furthermore, the motion speed based adjustment scheme was introduced to minimize the degradation of performanc

A very important process of nucleosynthesis in stars

When some nuclei are free from strong gravitational field, they are unstable and will become stable nuclei by competitions of following processes: (1) neutron-evaporation; (2) spontaneous fission; and (3) beta prime 3-decay. At the initial stage, (1) and (2) are important and (3) can be ignored. The qualitative results are as follows: (1) it seems that nuclei with A 100 come from the spontaneous fission and beta prime decay of neutron-evaporated nuclei with A similiar to 140-440, which can replace the r-process; (2) the super-heavy elements with Z=114--126 (A similiar to 330--360) can be formed. They can be observed in cosmic rage if they have the halftime T 10 to the 7th poweer years; (3) the peak in the rare-earth elements comes from the symmetric fission of super-heavy elements; (4) there are more neutron-rich nuclei in the fragments; and (5) the abundances of a 83 elements in cosmic rays are one order of magnitude higher than that in the solar system

Nucleosynthesis in the terrestrial and solar atmospheres

Variations of Delta D, delta C-13, Delta C-14 and Delta O-18 with time were measured by a lot of experiments. Many abnormalities of isotope abundances in cosmic rays were found by balloons and satellites. It is suggested that these abnormalities are related to nuclearsynthesis in the terrestrial and solar atmospheres and are closely related to solar activities

Probing Dark Energy with the Kunlun Dark Universe Survey Telescope

Dark energy is an important science driver of many upcoming large-scale surveys. With small, stable seeing and low thermal infrared background, Dome A, Antarctica, offers a unique opportunity for shedding light on fundamental questions about the universe. We show that a deep, high-resolution imaging survey of 10,000 square degrees in \emph{ugrizyJH} bands can provide competitive constraints on dark energy equation of state parameters using type Ia supernovae, baryon acoustic oscillations, and weak lensing techniques. Such a survey may be partially achieved with a coordinated effort of the Kunlun Dark Universe Survey Telescope (KDUST) in \emph{yJH} bands over 5000--10,000 deg$^2$ and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope in \emph{ugrizy} bands over the same area. Moreover, the joint survey can take advantage of the high-resolution imaging at Dome A to further tighten the constraints on dark energy and to measure dark matter properties with strong lensing as well as galaxy--galaxy weak lensing.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figure

Perfect State Transfer in Laplacian Quantum Walk

For a graph $G$ and a related symmetric matrix $M$, the continuous-time quantum walk on $G$ relative to $M$ is defined as the unitary matrix $U(t) = \exp(-itM)$, where $t$ varies over the reals. Perfect state transfer occurs between vertices $u$ and $v$ at time $\tau$ if the $(u,v)$-entry of $U(\tau)$ has unit magnitude. This paper studies quantum walks relative to graph Laplacians. Some main observations include the following closure properties for perfect state transfer: (1) If a $n$-vertex graph has perfect state transfer at time $\tau$ relative to the Laplacian, then so does its complement if $n\tau$ is an integer multiple of $2\pi$. As a corollary, the double cone over any $m$-vertex graph has perfect state transfer relative to the Laplacian if and only if $m \equiv 2 \pmod{4}$. This was previously known for a double cone over a clique (S. Bose, A. Casaccino, S. Mancini, S. Severini, Int. J. Quant. Inf., 7:11, 2009). (2) If a graph $G$ has perfect state transfer at time $\tau$ relative to the normalized Laplacian, then so does the weak product $G \times H$ if for any normalized Laplacian eigenvalues $\lambda$ of $G$ and $\mu$ of $H$, we have $\mu(\lambda-1)\tau$ is an integer multiple of $2\pi$. As a corollary, a weak product of $P_{3}$ with an even clique or an odd cube has perfect state transfer relative to the normalized Laplacian. It was known earlier that a weak product of a circulant with odd integer eigenvalues and an even cube or a Cartesian power of $P_{3}$ has perfect state transfer relative to the adjacency matrix. As for negative results, no path with four vertices or more has antipodal perfect state transfer relative to the normalized Laplacian. This almost matches the state of affairs under the adjacency matrix (C. Godsil, Discrete Math., 312:1, 2011).Comment: 26 pages, 5 figures, 1 tabl

Gram-negative bacterial molecules associate with Alzheimer disease pathology.

ObjectiveWe determined whether Gram-negative bacterial molecules are associated with Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathology given that previous studies demonstrate Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria can form extracellular amyloid and Gram-negative bacteria have been reported as the predominant bacteria found in normal human brains.MethodsBrain samples from gray and white matter were studied from patients with AD (n = 24) and age-matched controls (n = 18). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and E coli K99 pili protein were evaluated by Western blots and immunocytochemistry. Human brain samples were assessed for E coli DNA followed by DNA sequencing.ResultsLPS and E coli K99 were detected immunocytochemically in brain parenchyma and vessels in all AD and control brains. K99 levels measured using Western blots were greater in AD compared to control brains (p < 0.01) and K99 was localized to neuron-like cells in AD but not control brains. LPS levels were also greater in AD compared to control brain. LPS colocalized with Aβ1-40/42 in amyloid plaques and with Aβ1-40/42 around vessels in AD brains. DNA sequencing confirmed E coli DNA in human control and AD brains.ConclusionsE coli K99 and LPS levels were greater in AD compared to control brains. LPS colocalized with Aβ1-40/42 in amyloid plaques and around vessels in AD brain. The data show that Gram-negative bacterial molecules are associated with AD neuropathology. They are consistent with our LPS-ischemia-hypoxia rat model that produces myelin aggregates that colocalize with Aβ and resemble amyloid-like plaques