547 research outputs found
The Structure of Isothermal, Self-gravitating Gas Spheres for Softened Gravity
A theory for the structure of isothermal, self-gravitating gas spheres in
pressure equilibrium in a softened gravitational field is developed. The one
parameter spline softening proposed by Hernquist & Katz (1989) is used. We show
that the addition of this extra scale parameter implies that the set of
equilibrium solutions constitute a one-parameter family, rather than the one
and only one isothermal sphere solution for Newtonian gravity. We demonstrate
the perhaps somewhat surprising result that for any finite choice of softening
length and temperature, it is possible to deposit an arbitrarily large mass of
gas in pressure equilibrium and with a non-singular density distribution inside
of r_0 for any r_0 > 0. The theoretical predictions of our models are compared
with the properties of the small, massive, quasi-isothermal gas clumps which
typically form in numerical Tree-SPH simulations of 'passive' galaxy formation
of Milky Way sized galaxies. We find reasonable agreement despite the neglect
of rotational support in the models. We comment on whether the hydrodynamical
resolution in our numerical simulation of galaxy formation is sufficient, and
finally we conclude that one should be cautious, when comparing results of
numerical simulations involving gravitational softening and hydrodynamical
smoothing, with reality.Comment: 22 pages Latex + 12 figure
Standardization and the democratic design of information and communication technology
The way information and communication technology (ICT) develops can promote or hinder the democratic potential of this critical societal infrastructure. Concerns about the role standards development organizations (SDOs) play in this context predate the "digital age" but are reemerging amid substantial changes in the institutional landscape of standardization. This article explores the increasingly critical link between the institutional design of SDOs and the democratic design of ICT. We review some principles of democracy in terms of the design of technology, apply these to standardization, and discuss the role public policy may play here, while distinguishing between input and output legitimacy
Cosmological SPH simulations with four million particles: statistical properties of X-ray clusters in a low-density universe
We present results from a series of cosmological SPH (smoothed particle
hydrodynamics) simulations coupled with the P3M
(Particle-Particle-Particle-Mesh) solver for the gravitational force. The
simulations are designed to predict the statistical properties of X-ray
clusters of galaxies as well as to study the formation of galaxies. We have
seven simulation runs with different assumptions on the thermal state of the
intracluster gas. Following the recent work by Pearce et al., we modify our SPH
algorithm so as to phenomenologically incorporate the galaxy formation by
decoupling the cooled gas particles from the hot gas particles. All the
simulations employ 128^3 particles both for dark matter and for gas components,
and thus constitute the largest systematic catalogues of simulated clusters in
the SPH method performed so far. These enable us to compare the analytical
predictions on statistical properties of X-ray clusters against our direct
simulation results in an unbiased manner. We find that the luminosities of the
simulated clusters are quite sensitive to the thermal history and also to the
numerical resolution of the simulations, and thus are not reliable. On the
other hand, the mass-temperature relation for the simulated clusters is fairly
insensitive to the assumptions of the thermal state of the intracluster gas,
robust against the numerical resolution, and in fact agrees well with the
analytic prediction. Therefore the prediction for the X-ray temperature
function of clusters on the basis of the Press-Schechter mass function and the
virial equilibrium is fairly reliable.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal. 18 pages with
7 embedded figure
Conservation Laws in Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics: the DEVA Code
We describe DEVA, a multistep AP3M-like-SPH code particularly designed to
study galaxy formation and evolution in connection with the global cosmological
model. This code uses a formulation of SPH equations which ensures both energy
and entropy conservation by including the so-called \bn h terms. Particular
attention has also been paid to angular momentum conservation and to the
accuracy of our code. We find that, in order to avoid unphysical solutions, our
code requires that cooling processes must be implemented in a non-multistep
way.
We detail various cosmological simulations which have been performed to test
our code and also to study the influence of the \bn h terms. Our results
indicate that such correction terms have a non-negligible effect on some
cosmological simulations, especially on high density regions associated either
to shock fronts or central cores of collapsed objects. Moreover, they suggest
that codes paying a particular attention to the implementation of conservation
laws of physics at the scales of interest, can attain good accuracy levels in
conservation laws with limited computational resources.Comment: 36 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical
Journa
Sintering and concomitant crystallization of bioactive glasses
The official meeting minutes of Bowling Green State University\u27s Board of Trustees
MCG+00-32-16: An Irregular Galaxy Close to the Lowest Redshift Absorber on the 3C 273 Line of Sight
MCG+00-32-16 is the galaxy closest in position-velocity space to the lowest
redshift Ly absorber along the line-of-sight to the quasar 3C 273. Its
projected separation is 204 (d/19 Mpc) kpc, where d is the distance from the
Milky Way to the galaxy, and the redshift difference is only 94 km/s; HI
1225+01 is slightly closer in projected separation to the absorber, but has a
greater redshift difference. We present HI synthesis array mapping and CCD
photometry in B and R for MCG+00-32-16. The HI disk is rotating in such a way
that the side of the galaxy closer to the sight-line to the quasar has the
larger velocity difference from the absorber. The absorber may be a ``failed
dwarf'' member of a poor galaxy group of which MCG+00-32-16 and HI 1225+01 are
the only members to have formed stars.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures, accepted by Astrophysical Journa
Effects of cluster galaxies on arc statistics
We present the results of a set of numerical simulations evaluating the
effect of cluster galaxies on arc statistics. We perform a first set of
gravitational lensing simulations using three independent projections for each
of nine different galaxy clusters obtained from N-body simulations. The
simulated clusters consist of dark matter only. We add a population of galaxies
to each cluster, mimicking the observed luminosity function and the spatial
galaxy distribution, and repeat the lensing simulations including the effects
of cluster galaxies, which themselves act as individual lenses. Each galaxy is
represented by a spherical Navarro, Frenk & White (1997) density profile. We
consider the statistical distributions of the properties of the gravitational
arcs produced by our clusters with and without galaxies. We find that the
cluster galaxies do not introduce perturbations strong enough to significantly
change the number of arcs and the distributions of lengths, widths, curvature
radii and length-to-width ratios of long arcs. We find some changes to the
distribution of short-arc properties in presence of cluster galaxies. The
differences appear in the distribution of curvature radii for arc lengths
smaller than 12'', while the distributions of lengths, widths and
length-to-width ratios are significantly changed only for arcs shorter than
4''.Comment: 11 pages, Latex using MN style, 6 figures enclosed. Version accepted
for publication in MNRAS. Gzipped file including a full resolution version of
Figures 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 3c can be downloaded by anonymous ftp at
http://gt.pd.astro.it/~bepi/PAPERS/lensing.ps.g
Cosmological Feedback from High-Redshift Dwarf Galaxies
We model how repeated supernova explosions in high-redshift dwarf starburst
galaxies drive superbubbles and winds out of the galaxies. We compute the
efficiencies of metal and mass ejection and energy transport from the galactic
potentials, including the effect of cosmological infall of external gas. The
starburst bubbles quickly blow out of small, high-redshift, galactic disks, but
must compete with the ram pressure of the infalling gas to escape into
intergalactic space. We show that the assumed efficiency of the star formation
rate dominates the bubble evolution and the metal, mass, and energy feedback
efficiencies. With star formation efficiency f*=0.01, the ram pressure of
infall can confine the bubbles around high-redshift dwarf galaxies with
circular velocities v_c>52 km/s. We can expect high metal and mass ejection
efficiencies, and moderate energy transport efficiencies in halos with
v_c~30-50 km/s and f*~0.01 as well as in halos with v_c~100 km/s and f*>>0.01.
Such haloes collapse successively from 1-2 sigma peaks in LambdaCDM Gaussian
density perturbations as time progresses. These dwarf galaxies can probably
enrich low and high-density regions of intergalactic space with metals to
10^-3-10^-2 Zsun as they collapse at z~8 and z<5 respectively. They also may be
able to provide adequate turbulent energy to prevent the collapse of other
nearby halos, as well as to significantly broaden Lyman-alpha absorption lines
to v_rms~20-40 km/s. We compute the timescales for the next starbursts if gas
freely falls back after a starburst, and find that, for star formation
efficiencies as low as f*<0.01, the next starburst should occur in less than
half the Hubble time at the collapse redshift. This suggests that episodic star
formation may be ubiquitous in dwarf galaxies.Comment: Accepted for ApJ v613, 60 pages, 15 figure
Effect of action-based cognitive remediation on cognition and neural activity in bipolar disorder:Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Abstract Background Cognitive impairment is present in bipolar disorder (BD) during the acute and remitted phases and hampers functional recovery. However, there is currently no clinically available treatment with direct and lasting effects on cognitive impairment in BD. We will examine the effect of a novel form of cognitive remediation, action-based cognitive remediation (ABCR), on cognitive impairment in patients with BD, and explore the neural substrates of potential treatment efficacy on cognition. Methods/design The trial has a randomized, controlled, parallel-group design. In total, 58 patients with BD in full or partial remission aged 18â55Â years with objective cognitive impairment will be recruited. Participants are randomized to 10Â weeks of ABCR or a control group. Assessments encompassing neuropsychological testing and mood ratings, and questionnaires on subjective cognitive complaints, psychosocial functioning, and quality of life are carried out at baseline, after 2Â weeks of treatment, after the end of treatment, and at a six-month-follow-up after treatment completion. Functional magnetic resonance imaging scans are performed at baseline and 2Â weeks into treatment. The primary outcome is a cognitive composite score spanning verbal memory, attention, and executive function. Two complete data sets for 52 patients will provide a power of 80% to detect a clinically relevant between-group difference on the primary outcome. Behavioral data will be analyzed using mixed models in SPSS while MRI data will be analyzed with the FMRIB Expert Analysis Tool (FEAT). Early treatment-related changes in neural activity from baseline to week 2 will be investigated for the dorsal prefrontal cortex and hippocampus as the regions of interest and with an exploratory whole-brain analysis. Discussion The results will provide insight into whether ABCR has beneficial effects on cognition and functioning in remitted patients with BD. The results will also provide insight into early changes in neural activity associated with improvement of cognition, which can aid future treatment development. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03295305. Registered on 26 September 2017
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