Modeling views in the layered view model for XML using UML

In data engineering, view formalisms are used to provide flexibility to users and user applications by allowing them to extract and elaborate data from the stored data sources. Conversely, since the introduction of Extensible Markup Language (XML), it is fast emerging as the dominant standard for storing, describing, and interchanging data among various web and heterogeneous data sources. In combination with XML Schema, XML provides rich facilities for defining and constraining user-defined data semantics and properties, a feature that is unique to XML. In this context, it is interesting to investigate traditional database features, such as view models and view design techniques for XML. However, traditional view formalisms are strongly coupled to the data language and its syntax, thus it proves to be a difficult task to support views in the case of semi-structured data models. Therefore, in this paper we propose a Layered View Model (LVM) for XML with conceptual and schemata extensions. Here our work is three-fold; first we propose an approach to separate the implementation and conceptual aspects of the views that provides a clear separation of concerns, thus, allowing analysis and design of views to be separated from their implementation. Secondly, we define representations to express and construct these views at the conceptual level. Thirdly, we define a view transformation methodology for XML views in the LVM, which carries out automated transformation to a view schema and a view query expression in an appropriate query language. Also, to validate and apply the LVM concepts, methods and transformations developed, we propose a view-driven application development framework with the flexibility to develop web and database applications for XML, at varying levels of abstraction

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Synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties of amine-templated open-framework nickel(II) sulfates

Two organically templated nickel sulfates of the compositions [C4N2H12][Ni3F2(SO4)3(H2O)2] (I) and [C4N2H12][Ni2F4(SO4)H2O] (II) with open architectures have been synthesized under hydro/solvothermal conditions in the presence of piperazine. I has a layered structure formed by sinusoidal chains comprising hexameric units, whereas II has a three-dimensional structure with 10-membered channels. The layered Ni(II) sulfate, I, is ferrimagnetic, exhibiting hysteresis at low temperatures. The three-dimensional Ni(II) sulfate, II, is essentially paramagnetic. We have also obtained layered compounds isostructural with I containing other amines

Does the level of economic development and the market size of immigrants' country of birth matter for their engagement in entrepreneurial activities in the USA? Evidence from the Princeton's New Immigrant Surveys of 2003 and 2007

In order to examine the impacts of economic status and market size of immigrants’ country of birth on their propensity to become entrepreneurs in the USA, we estimate a gravity model that involves immigrants’ decisions to pursue entrepreneurship in the USA by employing data from the Princeton\u27s New Immigrant Surveys of 2003 and 2007. Our results show that immigrants coming from economically advanced countries are more likely to be engaged in entrepreneurial activities in the USA, not only at the beginning stage of their arrival, but also after spending some time (4 years) in the USA However, we find that the market size of immigrants’ country of origin, as measured by population size does not have any significant effect on their decision to be self-employed in the USA. In addition, we report a positive relationship between immigrants’ commitment to work and their likelihood of pursuing entrepreneurship in the USA. Furthermore, we find a U-shaped relationship between immigrants’ working experience as self-employed, or/and wage worker in the USA and their likelihood to open their own business in the USA over time

Comparison Of Hcmv Ie And Ef-1 Alpha Promoters For The Stable Expression Of Beta-Subunit Of Hexosaminidase In Cho Cell Lines

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A combinatorial approach for selectively inducing programmed cell death in human pancreatic cancer cells

Pancreatic cancer is an extremely aggressive neoplasm whose incidence equals its death rate. Despite intensive analysis, the genetic changes that mediate pancreatic cancer development and effective therapies for diminishing the morbidity associated with this disease remain unresolved. Through subtraction hybridization, we have identified a gene associated with induction of irreversible growth arrest, cancer reversion, and terminal differentiation in human melanoma cells, melanoma differentiation associated gene-7 (mda-7). Ectopic expression of mda-7 when using a recombinant adenovirus, Ad.mda-7, results in growth suppression and apoptosis in a broad spectrum of human cancers with diverse genetic defects, without exerting deleterious effects in normal human epithelial or fibroblast cells. Despite the apparently ubiquitous antitumor effects of mda-7, pancreatic carcinoma cells are remarkably refractory to Ad.mda-7 induced growth suppression and apoptosis. In contrast, the combination of Ad.mda-7 with antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides, which target the K-ras oncogene (a gene that is mutated in 85 to 95% of pancreatic carcinomas), induces a dramatic suppression in growth and a decrease in cell viability by induction of apoptosis. In mutant K-ras pancreatic carcinoma cells, programmed cell death correlates with expression and an increase, respectively, in MDA-7 and BAX proteins and increases in the ratio of BAX to BCL-2 proteins. Moreover, transfection of mutant K-ras pancreatic carcinoma cells with an antisense K-ras expression vector and infection with Ad.mda-7 inhibits colony formation in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo in nude mice. These intriguing observations demonstrate that a combinatorial approach, consisting of a cancer-specific apoptosis-inducing gene and an oncogene inactivation strategy, may provide the foundation for developing an effective therapy for pancreatic cancer