Epileptiform Activity in Alcohol Dependent Patients and Possibilities of Its Indirect Measurement

Background: Alcohol dependence during withdrawal and also in abstinent period in many cases is related to reduced inhibitory functions and kindling that may appear in the form of psychosensory symptoms similar to temporal lobe epilepsy frequently in conditions of normal EEG and without seizures. Because temporal lobe epileptic activity tend to spread between hemispheres, it is possible to suppose that measures reflecting interhemispheric information transfer such as electrodermal activity (EDA) might be related to the psychosensory symptoms. Methods and Findings: We have performed measurement of bilateral EDA, psychosensory symptoms (LSCL-33) and alcohol craving (ACQ) in 34 alcohol dependent patients and 32 healthy controls. The results in alcohol dependent patients show that during rest conditions the psychosensory symptoms (LSCL-33) are related to EDA transinformation (PTI) between left and right EDA records (Spearman r = 0.44, p,0.01). Conclusions: The result may present potentially useful clinical finding suggesting a possibility to indirectly assess epileptiform changes in alcohol dependent patients

Metarhizium brunneum Blastospore Pathogenesis in Aedes aegypti Larvae: Attack on Several Fronts Accelerates Mortality

Aedes aegypti is the vector of a wide range of diseases (e.g. yellow fever, dengue, Chikungunya and Zika) which impact on over half the world's population. Entomopathogenic fungi such as Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana have been found to be highly efficacious in killing mosquito larvae but only now are the underlying mechanisms for pathogenesis being elucidated. Recently it was shown that conidia of M. anisopliae caused stress induced mortality in Ae. aegypti larvae, a different mode of pathogenicity to that normally seen in terrestrial hosts. Blastospores constitute a different form of inoculum produced by this fungus when cultured in liquid media and although blastospores are generally considered to be more virulent than conidia no evidence has been presented to explain why. In our study, using a range of biochemical, molecular and microscopy methods, the infection process of Metarhizium brunneum (formerly M. anisopliae) ARSEF 4556 blastospores was investigated. It appears that the blastospores, unlike conidia, readily adhere to and penetrate mosquito larval cuticle. The blastospores are readily ingested by the larvae but unlike the conidia are able infect the insect through the gut and rapidly invade the haemocoel. The fact that pathogenicity related genes were upregulated in blastospores exposed to larvae prior to invasion, suggests the fungus was detecting host derived cues. Similarly, immune and defence genes were upregulated in the host prior to infection suggesting mosquitoes were also able to detect pathogen-derived cues. The hydrophilic blastospores produce copious mucilage, which probably facilitates adhesion to the host but do not appear to depend on production of Pr1, a cuticle degrading subtilisin protease, for penetration since protease inhibitors did not significantly alter blastospore virulence. The fact the blastospores have multiple routes of entry (cuticle and gut) may explain why this form of the inoculum killed Ae. aegypti larvae in a relatively short time (12-24hrs), significantly quicker than when larvae were exposed to conidia. This study shows that selecting the appropriate form of inoculum is important for efficacious control of disease vectors such as Ae. aegypti

Changing environments during the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic transition in the eastern Cantabrian Region (Spain): direct evidence from stable isotope studies on ungulate bones

Environmental change has been proposed as a factor that contributed to the extinction of the Neanderthals in Europe during MIS3. Currently, the different local environmental conditions experienced at the time when Anatomically Modern Humans (AMH) met Neanderthals are not well known. In the Western Pyrenees, particularly, in the eastern end of the Cantabrian coast of the Iberian Peninsula, extensive evidence of Neanderthal and subsequent AMH activity exists, making it an ideal area in which to explore the palaeoenvironments experienced and resources exploited by both human species during the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition. Red deer and horse were analysed using bone collagen stable isotope analysis to reconstruct environmental conditions across the transition. A shift in the ecological niche of horses after the Mousterian demonstrates a change in environment, towards more open vegetation, linked to wider climatic change. In the Mousterian, Aurignacian and Gravettian, high inter-individual nitrogen ranges were observed in both herbivores. This could indicate that these individuals were procured from areas isotopically different in nitrogen. Differences in sulphur values between sites suggest some variability in the hunting locations exploited, reflecting the human use of different parts of the landscape. An alternative and complementary explanation proposed is that there were climatic fluctuations within the time of formation of these archaeological levels, as observed in pollen, marine and ice cores.This research was funded by the European Commission through a Marie Curie Career Integration Grant (FP7- PEOPLE-2012-CIG-322112), by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (HAR2012-33956 and Ramon y Cajal-2011-00695), the University of Cantabria and Campus International to ABMA. Radiocarbon dating at ORAU was funded by MINECO-HAR2012-33956 project. J.J was supported initially by the FP7- PEOPLE-2012-CIG-322112 and later by a Marie Curie Individual Fellowship (H2020-MSCA-IF-2014-656122). Laboratory work, associated research expenses and isotopic analysis were kindly funded by the Max Planck Society to M.R

Invasion success of a widespread invasive predator may be explained by a high predatory efficacy but may be influenced by pathogen infection

Invasive alien species (IAS) can drive community change through ecological interactions. Parasites and pathogens can play an important role in community function including mitigating or enhancing IAS impacts. Despite this, the degree to which pathogen pressure influences IAS impacts remains poorly understood. We quantified the predatory behaviour of the highly invasive alien harlequin ladybird (Harmonia axyridis) and two UK native species, the 7-spot (Coccinella septempunctata) and 2-spot (Adalia bipunctata) ladybirds, using comparative functional response experiments. We investigated the impacts of pathogen infection on the predatory ability of the ladybirds by exposing individuals to Beauveria bassiana, a widespread entomopathogen. Invasive H. axyridis was a more efficient predator than both the native A. bipunctata and C. septempunctata, often having higher attack and/or lower prey handling time coefficients, whereas native A. bipunctata were the least efficient predators. These differences were found in both adult and larval life-stages. Beauveria bassiana infection significantly altered the predatory efficiency of adult and larval ladybird predators. The effects of pathogenic infection differed between species and life-stage but in many cases infection resulted in a reduced predatory ability. We suggest that the interactions between IAS and pathogens are integral to determining invasion success and impact

Invasion success of a widespread invasive predator may be explained by a high predatory efficacy but may be influenced by pathogen infection

Invasive alien species (IAS) can drive community change through ecological interactions. Parasites and pathogens can play an important role in community function including mitigating or enhancing IAS impacts. Despite this, the degree to which pathogen pressure influences IAS impacts remains poorly understood. We quantified the predatory behaviour of the highly invasive alien harlequin ladybird (Harmonia axyridis) and two UK native species, the 7-spot (Coccinella septempunctata) and 2-spot (Adalia bipunctata) ladybirds, using comparative functional response experiments. We investigated the impacts of pathogen infection on the predatory ability of the ladybirds by exposing individuals to Beauveria bassiana, a widespread entomopathogen. Invasive H. axyridis was a more efficient predator than both the native A. bipunctata and C. septempunctata, often having higher attack and/or lower prey handling time coefficients, whereas native A. bipunctata were the least efficient predators. These differences were found in both adult and larval life-stages. Beauveria bassiana infection significantly altered the predatory efficiency of adult and larval ladybird predators. The effects of pathogenic infection differed between species and life-stage but in many cases infection resulted in a reduced predatory ability. We suggest that the interactions between IAS and pathogens are integral to determining invasion success and impact

The Motor Propelling the Economy

The article concerns the description of new standards of efficiency motors that are currently introduced into European market. The authors describe the norms which create new standards and economic aspects of the use of energy efficient motors because of the amount of energy savings and CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. Part of the article concerns the steps taken by the TAMEL SA to develop and offer the European market in the future efficiency class IE3 Premium and Super Premium IE4 motors.Artykuł dotyczy opisu nowych standardów sprawności silników indukcyjnych, które są aktualnie wprowadzane na rynek europejski. Autorzy opisują normy określające nowe standardy oraz aspekty ekonomiczne stosowania silników energooszczędnych z uwagi na ilość zaoszczędzonej energii oraz emisji CO2 do atmosfery. Część artykułu dotyczy kroków podjętych przez TAMEL S.A. w celu opracowania oraz zaoferowania w przyszłości rynkowi europejskiemu silników klasy sprawności Premium IE3 oraz Super Premium IE4

Zjawisko rezonansu w kwarcycie z Jegłowej (Polska)

The quartzite rock has been characterized by dielectric investigation. On the basis of complex dielectric measurements in a wide temperature (50-320 K) and frequency (10/2—3 x 10/7 Hz) ranges the resonance at about 20 MHz was found. The proposed method is based on the resonance phenomenon which allows for the detection of grains of quartz and calculates their size in the studied material. Based on this method, the average size of the quartz grains (0.16 mm and 0.14 mm) embedded into quartzite was determined. Dielectric measurements of the quartzite samples annealed at 800°C, 900°C and 1000°C were performed. Results from the analysis using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) showed that the chemical composition remains unchanged after the thermal treatment, despite of the well-known crystal structure changes.Kwarcyt został scharakteryzowany dzięki pomiarom dielektrycznym. Na podstawie pomiarów dielektrycznych przeprowadzonych z szerokim zakresie temperatur (50-320 K) oraz częstotliwości (10/2--3 • 10/7 Hz) został pokazany rezonans w okolicy 20 MHz. Zaproponowano metodę bazującą na zjawisku rezonansu, pozwalającą wykryć oraz obliczyć wielkości ziaren kwarcu w badanym materiale. Bazując na tej metodzie, wyznaczono średni rozmiar ziaren kwarcu w kwarcycie: 0,16 mm oraz 0,14 mm. Przeprowadzono także pomiary dielektryczne kwarcytu wygrzanego w temperaturze 800°C, 900°C oraz 1000°C. Analiza fluorescencyjna XRF pokazała, że skład chemiczny po wygrzewaniu nie zmienia się pomimo zmiany struktury

Dilatometric Investigations of Overcritical Behaviour in [N(C2\text{}_{2}H5\text{}_{5})4\text{}_{4}]2\text{}_{2}CuCl4\text{}_{4} Crystals

The results of experimental investigation of thermal expansion of [N(C$\text{}_{2}$H$\text{}_{5}$)$\text{}_{4}$]$\text{}_{2}$CuCl$\text{}_{4}$ crystals in a wide temperature range are presented. The anomaly of thermal deformation typical of first order phase transition at 258 K and additional continuous anomaly at 195 K were observed. It was shown that low temperature anomalies of physical properties of [N(C$\text{}_{2}$H$\text{}_{5}$)$\text{}_{4}$]$\text{}_{2}$CuCl$\text{}_{4}$ crystals can be described as overcritical trace of isomorphous phase transitions. Results of numerical analysis of phenomenological model of improper ferroelastic exhibiting isomorphous phase transitions are presented and compared with experimentally determined temperature dependencies of spontaneous deformation of [N(C$\text{}_{2}$H$\text{}_{5}$)$\text{}_{4}$]$\text{}_{2}$Cu Cl$\text{}_{4}$ crystals