Parámetros hematológicos y laboratoriales tempranos asociados con la mortalidad por COVID-19 en una población amazónica del Perú

COVID-19 has a significant impact on the hematopoietic system and hemostasis. Leukocytosis, lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia are associated with increased severity and even death in COVID-19 cases. Objective: The aim is to examine the laboratory results of COVID-19 patients from a hospital in the Peruvian Amazon and their clinical prognosis. Material and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out whose purpose was to identify the laboratory tests of patients with COVID-19 and mortality in a hospital in Ucayali, Peru during the period from March 13 to May 9, 2020, selecting a total of 127 with Covid-19. Mean and the standard deviation was described for age, leukocytes, neutrophils, platelets, RDW-SD; median and interquartile range for the variables lymphocyte, RN / L, fibrinogen, CRP, D-dimer, DHL, hematocrit, monocytes, eosinophils. Results: No differences were observed in this population regarding death and sex (OR: 1.31; 95% CI 0.92 to 1.87), however, it was observed that, for each one-year increase, the probability of death increased by 4% (PR: 1.04, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.05). The IRR (Incidence Risk Ratio) analysis for the numerical variables showed results strongly associated with hematological values such as Leukocytes (scaled by 2500 units) (IRR: 1.08, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.13), neutrophils (scaled by 2500 units) (IRR: 1.08; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.13), on the contrary, it is observed that the increase of 1000 units in lymphocytes, the probability of dying decreased by 48% (IRR: 0.52; 95% CI 0.38 to 071). Conclusions: Parameters such as leukocytes,neutrophils and D-dimer were statistically much higher in patients who died.COVID-19 tiene un impacto significativo en el sistema hematopoyético y la hemostasia. La leucocitosis, la linfopenia y la trombocitopenia se asocian con una mayor gravedad e incluso la muerte en los casos de COVID-19. Objetivo: examinar los resultados de laboratorio de pacientes con COVID-19 de un hospital de la Amazonía peruana y su pronóstico clínico. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico cuyo propósito fue identificar las pruebas de laboratorio de pacientes con COVID-19 y mortalidad en un hospital de Ucayali, Perú durante el periodo del 13 de marzo al 9 de mayo del 2020, seleccionando un total de 127 con COVID-19. Se describió la media y la desviación estándar para edad, leucocitos, neutrófilos, plaquetas, RDW-SD; mediana y rango intercuartílico para las variables linfocito, RN/L, fibrinógeno, PCR, dímero D, DHL, hematocrito, monocitos, eosinófilos. Resultados: No se observaron diferencias en esta población en cuanto a muerte y sexo (OR: 1,31; IC 95% 0,92 a 1,87), sin embargo, se observó que, por cada aumento de un año, la probabilidad de muerte aumentaba un 4% (RP: 1,04). , IC del 95%: 1,03 a 1,05). El análisis de RIR (Razón de incidencia de riesgos) para las variables numéricas mostró resultados fuertemente asociados con valores hematológicos como Leucocitos (escala de 2500 unidades) (RRI: 1.08, 95% CI 1.03 a 1.13), neutrófilos (escala de 2500 unidades) (RRI: 1.08; IC 95% 1.03 a 1.13), por el contrario, se observa que al aumento de 1000 unidades en linfocitos, la probabilidad de morir disminuyó en un 48% (TIR: 0.52; IC 95% 0.38 a 071). Conclusiones: Parámetros tales como los leucocitos, los neutrófilos y el dímero D fueron estadísticamente mucho más altos en los pacientes que fallecieron

High-fat diet-induced insulin resistance does not increase plasma anandamide levels or potentiate anandamide insulinotropic effect in isolated canine islets.

BACKGROUND:Obesity has been associated with elevated plasma anandamide levels. In addition, anandamide has been shown to stimulate insulin secretion in vitro, suggesting that anandamide might be linked to hyperinsulinemia. OBJECTIVE:To determine whether high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance increases anandamide levels and potentiates the insulinotropic effect of anandamide in isolated pancreatic islets. DESIGN AND METHODS:Dogs were fed a high-fat diet (n = 9) for 22 weeks. Abdominal fat depot was quantified by MRI. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. Fasting plasma endocannabinoid levels were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. All metabolic assessments were performed before and after fat diet regimen. At the end of the study, pancreatic islets were isolated prior to euthanasia to test the in vitro effect of anandamide on islet hormones. mRNA expression of cannabinoid receptors was determined in intact islets. The findings in vitro were compared with those from animals fed a control diet (n = 7). RESULTS:Prolonged fat feeding increased abdominal fat content by 81.3±21.6% (mean±S.E.M, P<0.01). In vivo insulin sensitivity decreased by 31.3±12.1% (P<0.05), concomitant with a decrease in plasma 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (from 39.1±5.2 to 15.7±2.0 nmol/L) but not anandamide, oleoyl ethanolamide, linoleoyl ethanolamide, or palmitoyl ethanolamide. In control-diet animals (body weight: 28.8±1.0 kg), islets incubated with anandamide had a higher basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion as compared with no treatment. Islets from fat-fed animals (34.5±1.3 kg; P<0.05 versus control) did not exhibit further potentiation of anandamide-induced insulin secretion as compared with control-diet animals. Glucagon but not somatostatin secretion in vitro was also increased in response to anandamide, but there was no difference between groups (P = 0.705). No differences in gene expression of CB1R or CB2R between groups were found. CONCLUSIONS:In canines, high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance does not alter plasma anandamide levels or further potentiate the insulinotropic effect of anandamide in vitro

Creation of transgenic Brassica napus L. Plants expressing human alpha 2b interferon gene

Spring rapeseed transgenic lines expressing human interferon alpha 2b were created by Agrobacteriummediated transformation of aseptic plant leaf explants. The maximum antiviral activity of the leaf extracts reached 4500 IU/g fresh weight. It was determined that the antioxidant activity and the activity of an enzyme of plant antioxidant system – superoxide dismutase (SOD) – in the leaf tissues of transgenic plants increased compared to controls. There were no correlations between the interferon and antioxidant activities, as well as between SOD and interferon activities. Using the obtained transgenic rapeseed plants with high interferon and antioxidant activities as a feed additive for animals might have preventive effect on their body, increasing resistance to infections of various origins.Методом агробактериальной трансформации листовых эксплантов асептических растений ярового рапса получены линии, экспрессирующие альфа 2b интерферон человека. Максимальная противо-вирусная активность экстрактов листьев достигала 4500 МЕ/сырого веса. Установлено, что антиоксидантная активность и активность одного из ферментов антиоксидантной системы растений – супероксиддисмутазы (СОД) – в тканях листьев трансгенных растений повышена по сравнению с контрольными. Не выявлено корреляции как между активностью интерферона и антиоксидантной активностью, так и между активностью интерферона и активностью СОД. Использование полученных трансгенных растений рапса с высокой активностью интерферона и повышенной антиоксидантной активностью как добавки к кормам животных могло бы оказывать профилактическое влияние на их организм, повышая устойчивость к различным инфекциям.Методом агробактеріальної трансформації листових експлантів асептичних рослин ярого ріпака отримано лінії, що експресують альфа 2b інтерферон людини. Максимальна противірусна активність екстрактів листків сягала 4500 МО/сирої ваги. Встановлено, що антиоксидантна активність і активність одного з ферментів антиоксидантної системи рослин – супероксиддисмутази (СОД) – в тканинах листків трансгенних рослин підвищена в порівнянні з контрольними. Не виявлено кореляції ні між активністю інтерферона і антиоксидантною активністю, ні між активністю інтерферона і активністю СОД. Використання отриманих трансгенних рослин ріпака з високою активністю інтерферона та підвищеною антиоксидантною активністю як добавки до кормів тварин мало б профілактично впливати на їхній організм, підвищуючи стійкість до інфекцій різного походження

Profile changes in dogs (n = 9) maintained on a hypercaloric high-fat diet for 22 weeks.

<p>Values are means±S.E.M. 2-AG, 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol; C-peptide slope, changes in plasma C-peptide relative to plasma glucose during hyperglycemic clamp; Insulin slope, changes in plasma insulin relative to plasma glucose during hyperglycemic clamp; LEA, linoleoyl-ethanolamide; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids; OEA, oleoyl-ethanolamide; PEA, palmitoyl-ethanolamide; SI, whole-body insulin sensitivity assessed by the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp.</p><p>* Fasting plasma values.</p><p>Profile changes in dogs (n = 9) maintained on a hypercaloric high-fat diet for 22 weeks.</p

Physiological concentrations of anandamide enhance <i>in vitro</i> insulin secretion.

<p>(<b>A</b>) In islets from control-diet dogs (n = 7), anandamide significantly increased basal insulin secretion at 3 mmol/L glucose (3G) and GSIS at 15 mmol/L glucose (15G). Islets were incubated for 1 h with either anandamide (10 nmol/L) or cannabinoid receptor antagonists (100 nmol/L), as indicated. CB1R, CB2R, and TRPV1 antagonists rimonabant (R), AM630, and iodoresiniferatoxin (IRTX), respectively, were added prior to stimulation with high glucose and anandamide. Plots indicate the mean of 3–9 replicates for each dog. (<b>B</b>) When tested alone, none of the antagonist drugs had effect on islet viability compared with vehicle (n = 3). Total magnification: 100X. (<b>C</b>) Islets were continuously perifused with glucose 3 mmol/L and challenged with 15 mmol/L glucose (15G) from t = 0, as shown with the horizontal bar, in presence (n = 3) or absence (n = 3) of anandamide (10 nmol/L). Anandamide perifusion started concomitant with 15G, as indicated by the arrow. Plots of perifusion experiments represent means; bars represent S.E.M. P value represent the difference in overall profile between treatment and control during the second phase (t = 9–36 min). Analysis was performed using mixed-model linear regression to account for repeated measures.</p

Anandamide significantly enhances insulin and glucagon secretion.

<p>Insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin concentrations were measured in batches of 100 islets from control-diet animals (n = 7) during static incubation with anandamide 10 μmol/L for 1 h. 3G, 3 mmol/L; 15G, 15 mmol/L glucose. Data are mean±S.E.M.</p