Implementing a subnational results-oriented management and budgeting system. Lessons from Medellín, Colombia.

"The purpose of this paper is to describe the budget process reform implemented in Medellín, and to analyze its actual performance and evaluate its success. The reform is changing the way public resources are allocated and executed, while gradually institutionalizing supply and demand-side practices beyond the government´s political cycles.This paper describes and analyzes how the RoB was designed and implemented, and the achievements of the system to date, in terms of resource allocation and the policy-making process. The following section describes the context of Medellín: political and economic trends, and the objectives of the budget reform. The third section presents the state of the budget process in Medellín as it was diagnosed before implementation. Section four describes the implementation process of the system, and section five addresses its major achievements. A final section includes some policy recommendations, which can be divided into two parts: (i) recommendations for consolidating the system as a main support tool of a RoM approach, and (ii) recommendations for replicating the system in other municipalities and subnational governments".Budget process reform, Budget reform, Medellín, Colombia

Couplings between Chern-Simons gravities and 2p-branes

The interaction between Chern-Simons (CS) theories and localized external sources (2p-branes) is analyzed. This interaction generalizes the minimal coupling between a point charge (0-brane) and a gauge connection. The external currents that define the 2p-branes are covariantly constant (D-2p-1)-forms coupled to (2p-1) CS forms. The general expression for the sources --charged with respect to the corresponding gauge algebra-- is presented, focusing on two special cases: 0-branes and (D-3)-branes. In any dimension, 0-branes are constructed as topological defects produced by a surface deficit of (D-2)-sphere in AdS space, and they are not constant curvature spaces for D>3. They correspond to dimensionally continued black holes with negative mass. On the other hand, in the case of CS (super) gravities, the (D-3)-branes are naked conical singularities (topological defects) obtained by identification of points with a Killing vector. In 2+1 dimensions, extremal spinning branes of this type are BPS states. Stable (D-3)-branes are shown to exist also in higher dimensions, as well. Classical field equations are also discussed and in the presence of sources there is a large number of inequivalent and disconnected sectors in solution space.Comment: 29 pages, no figures; version accepted in PRD; extended introduction and several references added; some sections have been reorganized and several minor corrections mad

Synthesis and proton conduction properties of lanthanide amino-sulfophosphonates

Crystalline acid-functionalized metal phosphonates are potential candidates as proton conducting electrolytes. Their frameworks can be chemically modified to contain proton carriers such as acidic groups (P-OH; -SO3H, -COOH,…) and guest molecules (H2O, NH3,…) that generates hydrogen bond networks stable in a wide range of temperature [1,2]. In this work, focus is laid on properties derived from the combination of lanthanide ions with the amino-sulfophosphonate ligand (H2O3PCH2)2-N-(CH2)2-SO3H. Hightrough-put screening was followed to reach the optimal synthesis conditions under solvothermal conditions at 140 ºC. Isolated polycrystalline solids, Ln[(O3PCH2)2-NH-(CH2)2-SO3H].2H2O (Ln= La, Pr and Sm), crystallize in the monoclinic (La) and orthorhombic (Pr and Sm) systems with unit cell volume of ~2548 Å3. Preliminary proton conductivity measurements for Sm derivative have been carried out between 25º and 80 ºC at relative humidity (RH) values of 70 % and 95 %. The sample exhibits enhanced conductivity at high RH and T (Figure 1) and constant activation energies of 0.4 eV, typical of a Grothuss mechanism of proton.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. FQM-1656; MAT2013-41836-

Métodos de fertilización para rendimiento comercial en tres cultivares de ajo (Allium sativum L.)

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an important crop for domestic consumption in Peru. However, there is insufficient information available on crop management, particularly on fertiliser application to local cultivars. In order to evaluate the response of three garlic cultivars to three fertilisation methods, an experiment was conducted at the Donoso Experimental Station in Huaral district, a province of Lima. Three garlic cultivars were used as experimental materials: ‘Cincomesino’, ‘Arequipeño 14’ and ‘Margosino’. Three methods of fertilisation were applied as treatments: broadcast application before furrowing (M1), fertilisation in a superficial groove or false furrow (M2), and fertilisation in the lateral furrows, or band application (M3). The experiments were installed in three parcels for each cultivar, with a randomised complete block design for each parcel and four replications. In general, localised fertilisation methods showed the best performance for the broadcast method. Regarding total yield, fertilisation at the sides of the furrow (M3) for ‘Cincomesino’ reached 13.08 t/ha. The highest yield for the ‘Arequipeño 14’ cultivar (12.25 t/ha) was achieved using fertilisation with a surface groove or false furrow (M2). For the ‘Margosino’ cultivar, fertilisation on the sides of the furrow was ideal, and the yield was 10.95 t/ha

Disclosure of the quackery: Testing of the bactericidal action of products based on the 'Hydronic' technology ("informed glass") on ATCC strains of Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella enteridis and Candida

To disclose a quackery called “revitalisation of tired water by hydronic technology”, scientific experiments have been conducted with drinking water kept in ‘‘ordinary, everyday-use’’ drinking glasses and so-called ‘informed’ glasses, a patent-protected product supposed to have an effect on the ‘‘structure, vitality and memory of water‘‘. Drinking “informed” water is claimed to have a wide range of positive revitalising health effects (blue informed glass), to facilitate weight loss (red informed glass) and to have a stress-relieving action (green informed glass). Allegedly, by the use of the “orgon methodology”, information is coded into the glass, which action is additionally enforced by the addition of the ‘‘magic life’’ symbol – a specially designed energy condenser which, together with the selected information, is permanently introduced into the liquid contained in the glass. Since the manufacturer claimed the products to have a broad bactericidal action, regardless of the external conditions and completely independent from additional factor that would lead to the activation of the system, the efficacy of the informed drinking glass was tested using standardised, microbiological tests. Respecting the principle of a single-blind test for each of 5 samples of each type of the informed glass, growth reduction factor (RF) (difference log cfu/ml - colony per unit/ml of control glass and log cfu/ml of each informed glass) was determined after0,2,4,6 and 8 h in spring water experimentally contaminated with standardised ATCC strains of two types of bacteria and one yeast. The results showed a statistically significant bactericidal action of the blue informed glass with all strains - Enterococcus faecalis (RF 0.62/0.76), Salmonella enteritidis (RF 0.87/0.97), and Candida albicans (RF 0.5/0.60) - as opposed to the red and green glasses where this effect was negligible (RF < 0.1). However, when the tests were repeated in complete darkness, none of the three informed glasses showed any bactericidal action. The obtained results indicate a fraud: bactericidal effect is rather a result of photocatalytic action of a hidden component used on purpose in the production of glass or subsequently applied by the use of nanotechnology (possibly antimony trioxide or titanium oxide) than of the so-called‘‘orgon and hydronic technology’’.Key words: Nostrums, Water, Quackery, Complementary therapies, Health care fraud, Homeopathy, Self -caredoi: 10.4314/ajtcam.v8i4.

Ammonia effects on proton conductivity properties of coordination polymers

Crystalline metal phosphonates are referred to as a type of structurally versatile coordination polymers [1]. Many of them contain guest molecules (H2O, heterocyclics, etc.), acidic sites and, furthermore, their structure can be also amenable for post‐synthesis modifications in order to enhance desired properties [2]. In the present work, we examine the relationships between crystal structure and proton conductivity for several metal phosphonates derive from multifunctional ligands, such as 5-(dihydroxyphosphoryl)isophthalic acid (PiPhtA) [3] and 2-hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid (H3HPAA). Crystalline divalent metal derivatives show a great structural diversity, from 1D to 3D open-frameworks, possessing hydrogen-bonded water molecules and acid groups. These solids present a proton conductivity range between 7.2·10-6 and 1.3·10−3 S·cm-1. Upon exposure to ammonia vapor, from an aqueous solution, solid state transformations are observed accompanied of enhance proton conductivities. The stability of these solids under different environment conditions (temperature and relative humidities) as well as the influence of the ammonia adsorption on the proton conduction properties of the resulting solids will be discussed.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Proton conductivity of lanthanide nitrilotris-methylphosphonates

Multifunctional metal phosphonates are acidic coordination polymers (CPs) with remarkable stability and proton conducting properties owing to their structure is usually composed of extended hydrogen-bond networks that favor proton transfer pathways [1]. In this communication, three different families of proton conductors based on lanthanide nitrilotris-methylphosphonates are examined. Compounds were isolated by crystallization at room temperature at pH <0.8 in the presence of. When chloride is presented in solution two families of compounds were isolated, depending on the concentration of chloride in solution: free-chloride 1D solids with formula Ln2(H3NMP)2(H2O)4]·4.5H2O [Ln= La3+] [2] or layered chloride-containing Ln(H4NMP)(H2O)2]Cl·2H2O [Ln= La3+ - Ho3+] materials [3]. In absence of chloride, a third series of compounds was obtained. This structural versatility leads to a wide range of proton conductivity varying between 3 × 10−4 S·cm−1 and 2 × 10−3 S·cm−1 as measured at 80 °C and 95% RH.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Structural study of the local order in ammonia-modulated FE(II) hydroxyphosphonoacetate proton conductors

Layered Fe(II) carboxiphosphonate, Fe-HPAA·2H2O, is a crystalline multifunctional coordination polymer exhibiting properties as photocatalyst and proton conductor. Postsynthesis modification by ammonia/water adsorption strongly enhances its proton conductivity. However, this process entails a progressive amorphization but in no case intercalation of the guest species was detected. Understanding the mechanism involved in this increased conductivity is crucial to develop novel high performance proton conductors for PEMFCs. Thus, total scattering and PDF study has been carried out to explore the mechanism of ammonia adsorption and subsequent amorphization. Different lenght scales have been investigated to characterize the average and local structure at variable ammonia loaded in order to ascertain posible structural modifications after gas/solid reactions. While significant short range order (from 1.4 to 10 Å) variations were observed even for low loadings, the average structure seems to be basically preserved except for the highest ammonia/water contents.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech