Maturing on a High: An Analysis of Trends, Prevalence and Patterns of Recreational Drug Use in Middle and Older Adulthood.

Lately, we have witnessed how recreational drug use is extending further into adulthood than has traditionally been the case. Some young adults appear to be taking their recreational drug use with them into middle and older adulthood and in other cases drug use is initiated in later life. Analysing survey data from America, Australia, and England and Wales this chapter summarizes the extent of and trends in adult recreational drug use. In doing so, it is argued that many adults are drug experienced and a substantial minority are continuing to take drugs as they grow older. The trend in recent drug use for many adults aged 30 and over is upward. The chapter considers some explanations for these findings drawing on the concept of a cohort replacement effect, critiquing the notion of maturing out from drug use and, in turn, appreciating the nature and functions of recreational drug use in adulthood. The authors argue that the experiences of adult recreational drug users are under-researched and suggest future research agendas and ways to access adult populations. The chapter concludes with a discussion of public health and human rights concerns

El género Eupelmus Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eupelmidae) en España peninsular e islas Canarias, con notas taxonómicas y descripción de especies nuevas

The occurrence of twenty-six species of Eupelmus Dalman in peninsular Spain and the Canary Islands is reported. Eleven species are newly recorded for Spain. Taxonomic, distributional and biological data are given. Two new species and one new subspecies are described. Eupelmus matranus Erdös is removed from synonymy under E. splendens Giraud and accorded specific rank; E. valentinus Bolívar is newly synonymized under E. testaceiventris (Motschulsky) and E. capillaris Bolívar under E. fuscipennis Förster. A key to females is provided.Se citan 26 especies de Eupelmus Dalman de España peninsular e Islas Canarias, 11 de las cuales se citan por primera vez en España. Se describen dos especies y una subespecie nuevas para la ciencia y se aportan nuevos datos taxonómicos, de biología y de distribución de todas las especies listadas. Eupelmus matranus Erdös se rehabilita de sinonimia con E. splendens Giraud, otorgándole rango específico válido. Eupelmus valentinus se sinonimiza de nuevo con E. testaceiventris (Motschulsky) y E. capillaris Bolívar con E. fuscipennis Förster. Se incluye una clave de identificación de las especies basada en las hembras

The genus <i>Eupelmus</i> Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eupelmidae) in peninsular Spain and the Canary Islands, with taxonomic notes and descriptions of new species

The occurrence of twenty-six species of Eupelmus Dalman in peninsular Spain and the Canary Islands is reported. Eleven species are newly recorded for Spain. Taxonomic, distributional and biological data are given. Two new species and one new subspecies are described. Eupelmus matranus Erdös is removed from synonymy under E. splendens Giraud and accorded specific rank; E. valentinus Bolívar is newly synonymized under E. testaceiventris (Motschulsky) and E. capillaris Bolívar under E. fuscipennis Förster. A key to females is provided.Se citan 26 especies de Eupelmus Dalman de España peninsular e Islas Canarias, 11 de las cuales se citan por primera vez en España. Se describen dos especies y una subespecie nuevas para la ciencia y se aportan nuevos datos taxonómicos, de biología y de distribución de todas las especies listadas. Eupelmus matranus Erdös se rehabilita de sinonimia con E. splendens Giraud, otorgándole rango específico válido. Eupelmus valentinus se sinonimiza de nuevo con E. testaceiventris (Motschulsky) y E. capillaris Bolívar con E. fuscipennis Förster. Se incluye una clave de identificación de las especies basada en las hembras

THE GLUON DISTRIBUTION AT SMALL x OBTAINED FROM A UNIFIED EVOLUTION EQUATION.

We solve a unified integral equation to obtain the $x, Q_T$ and $Q$ dependence of the gluon distribution of a proton in the small $x$ regime; where $x$ and $Q_T$ are the longitudinal momentum fraction and the transverse momentum of the gluon probed at a scale $Q$. The equation generates a gluon with a steep $x^{- \lambda}$ behaviour, with $\lambda \sim 0.5$, and a $Q_T$ distribution which broadens as $x$ decreases. We compare our solutions with, on the one hand, those that we obtain using the double-leading-logarithm approximation to Altarelli-Parisi evolution and, on the other hand, to those that we determine from the BFKL equation.Comment: LaTeX file with 10 postscript figures (uuencoded

Learning to fear a second-order stimulus following vicarious learning

Vicarious fear learning refers to the acquisition of fear via observation of the fearful responses of others. The present study aims to extend current knowledge by exploring whether second-order vicarious fear learning can be demonstrated in children. That is, whether vicariously learnt fear responses for one stimulus can be elicited in a second stimulus associated with that initial stimulus. Results demonstrated that children's (5–11 years) fear responses for marsupials and caterpillars increased when they were seen with fearful faces compared to no faces. Additionally, the results indicated a second-order effect in which fear-related learning occurred for other animals seen together with the fear-paired animal, even though the animals were never observed with fearful faces themselves. Overall, the findings indicate that for children in this age group vicariously learnt fear-related responses for one stimulus can subsequently be observed for a second stimulus without it being experienced in a fear-related vicarious learning event. These findings may help to explain why some individuals do not recall involvement of a traumatic learning episode in the development of their fear of a specific stimulus

A unified BFKL and GLAP description of F2F_2 data

We argue that the use of the universal unintegrated gluon distribution and the $k_T$ (or high energy) factorization theorem provides the natural framework for describing observables at small x. We introduce a coupled pair of evolution equations for the unintegrated gluon distribution and the sea quark distribution which incorporate both the resummed leading $ln (1/x)$ BFKL contributions and the resummed leading $ln (Q^2)$ GLAP contributions. We solve these unified equations in the perturbative QCD domain using simple parametic forms of the nonperturbative part of the integrated distributions. With only two (physically motivated) input parameters we find that this $k_T$ factorization approach gives an excellent description of the measurements of $F_2 (x,Q^2)$ at HERA. In this way the unified evolution equations allow us to determine the gluon and sea quark distributions and, moreover, to see the x domain where the resummed $ln (1/x)$ effects become significant. We use $k_T$ factorization to predict the longitudinal structure function $F_L (x,Q^2)$ and the charm component of $F_2 (x,Q^2)$.Comment: 25 pages, LaTeX, 9 figure

BFKL versus HERA

The BFKL equation and the kT-factorization theorem are used to obtain predictions for F2 in the small Bjorken-x region over a wide range of Q**2. The dependence on the parameters, especially on those concerning the infrared region, is discussed. After a background fit to recent experimental data obtained at HERA and at Fermilab (E665 experiment), we find that the predicted, almost Q**2 independent BFKL slope lambda >= 0.5 appears to be too steep at lower Q**2 values. Thus there seems to be a chance that future HERA data can distinguish between pure BFKL and conventional field theoretic renormalization group approaches.Comment: 26 pages, 6 eps figures, LaTeX2e using epsfig.sty and amssymb.st

Deep inelastic events containing a forward photon as a probe of small xx dynamics

We calculate the rate of producing deep inelastic events containing an energetic isolated forward photon at HERA. We quantify the enhancement arising from the leading $\log 1/x$ gluon emissions with a view to using such events to identify the underlying dynamics.Comment: 11 pages, Latex, 7 ps figure

Revisión de las especies de Eupelmus (Macroneura) Walker, 1837 del ámbito iberobalear y Macaronesia (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eupelmidae)

A revised checklist of eight of the twelve known palaearctic species in the subgenus Macroneura of Eupelmus occurring in the Iberian Peninsula, Balearic and Macaronesian islands (Azores, Balearics, Canaries, Madeira) is presented. Records of the distribution in the region of all the revised species are given with new biological notes, including host insects and plants. Eupelmus (Macroneura) seculatus is a new record for the Canary Islands and Eupelmus (Macroneura) vesicularis is recorded for the first time in Portugal. Additionally, a study of Malaise trap captures of species of Macroneura in an arid habitat in south-east Spain is presented and discussed. 358 individuals belonging to six species were collected and identified. Eupelmus (Macroneura) muellneri comprised 43.5% of the Macroneura and was the most abundant species followed by E. (M.) barai (25.4%).Se presenta la revision y una lista anotada de ocho de las doce especies paleárticas de Eupelmus (Macroneura) que se conocen de la Península Ibérica, Islas Baleares y Macaronesia (Canarias, Madeira y Azores). Se aportan para cada especie las citas en cada ámbito geográfico, incluyendo nuevos datos biológicos, como los de sus insectos y plantas hospedadoras. Eupelmus (Macroneura) seculatus es nueva cita para las Islas Canarias y Eupelmus (Macroneura) vesicularis se cita por primera vez de Portugal. Como complemento a esta revisión, se presentan los resultados de las capturas de especies de Macroneura efectuadas con una trampa Malaise que se mantuvo operativa en primavera y verano de 2013 en una zona árida del sureste español (Mojácar, Almería). Se capturaron 358 ejemplares de seis especies, siendo Eupelmus (Macroneura) muellneri (43,5% del total) la especie más abundante en las muestras, seguida de E. (M.) barai (25,4%)

MAGE-A cancer/testis antigens inhibit MDM2 ubiquitylation function and promote increased levels of MDM4

Melanoma antigen A (MAGE-A) proteins comprise a structurally and biochemically similar sub-family of Cancer/Testis antigens that are expressed in many cancer types and are thought to contribute actively to malignancy. MAGE-A proteins are established regulators of certain cancer-associated transcription factors, including p53, and are activators of several RING finger-dependent ubiquitin E3 ligases. Here, we show that MAGE-A2 associates with MDM2, a ubiquitin E3 ligase that mediates ubiquitylation of more than 20 substrates including mainly p53, MDM2 itself, and MDM4, a potent p53 inhibitor and MDM2 partner that is structurally related to MDM2. We find that MAGE-A2 interacts with MDM2 via the N-terminal p53-binding pocket and the RING finger domain of MDM2 that is required for homo/hetero-dimerization and for E2 ligase interaction. Consistent with these data, we show that MAGE-A2 is a potent inhibitor of the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of MDM2, yet it does not have any significant effect on p53 turnover mediated by MDM2. Strikingly, however, increased MAGE-A2 expression leads to reduced ubiquitylation and increased levels of MDM4. Similarly, silencing of endogenous MAGE-A expression diminishes MDM4 levels in a manner that can be rescued by the proteasomal inhibitor, bortezomid, and permits increased MDM2/MDM4 association. These data suggest that MAGE-A proteins can: (i) uncouple the ubiquitin ligase and degradation functions of MDM2; (ii) act as potent inhibitors of E3 ligase function; and (iii) regulate the turnover of MDM4. We also find an association between the presence of MAGE-A and increased MDM4 levels in primary breast cancer, suggesting that MAGE-A-dependent control of MDM4 levels has relevance to cancer clinically