Ultradian, circadian and seasonal rhythms in cortisol secretion and adrenal responsiveness to ACTH and yarding in unrestrained red deer (Cervus elaphus) stags

Seasonal changes in the activity and responsiveness of the adrenal gland in red deer (Cervus elaphus) stags were quantified by measuring 24 h endogenous cortisol secretory profiles and plasma cortisol responses to either administration of exogenous ACTH or a standardised stressor during November (period of velvet growth), February (pre-rut), April (mid-rut) and July (post-rut) (southern hemisphere) using a remote blood sampling device (DracPac). Ultradian rhythms in the concentration of plasma cortisol were observed resulting from the episodic secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex at a mean rate of 0.8 pulses/h. Circadian rhythms in plasma cortisol concentrations were also found in 11 out of the 20 complete 24 h profiles (mean amplitude, 3.8+/-1.4 ng/ml). Seasonal rhythms in mean 24 h plasma cortisol concentrations and cortisol pulse parameters were also observed. Mean 24 h plasma cortisol concentrations were higher in November (12.5+/-1.0 ng/ml) than in February (6.3+/-1.0 ng/ml), April (4.0+/-1.0 ng/ml) or July (4.2+/-1. 0 ng/ml). Cortisol pulse height, nadir and amplitude were all significantly higher in November than at other times of the year (P<0.01). Peak cortisol concentrations following infusion of ACTH(1-24) (0.04 IU kg(-1)) were higher (P<0.05) in November (55.8+/-2.7 ng/ml) and lower (P<0.001) in April (33.7+/-1.8 ng/ml) than those in February and July (48.7+/-2.0 ng/ml and 45.4+/-2.0 ng/ml respectively). The area under the cortisol response curve was significantly smaller (P<0.05) in April (266.6+/-15.3 ng/ml/190 min) than at other times of the year (February, 366.1+/-15.3 ng/ml/190 min; July, 340.7+/-15.3 ng/ml/190 min and November, 387.8+/-21.2 ng/ml/190 min). These data demonstrate that the adrenal gland of the red deer stag exhibits ultradian, circadian and seasonal rhythms in activity, and that its responsiveness to ACTH varies with season. November, a period of reproductive quiescence in the southern hemisphere, with new antler growth and rapid weight gain, is associated with higher mean plasma cortisol concentrations and a greater responsiveness to exogenous ACTH. In contrast, the breeding season is associated with lower adrenal activity and responsiveness

Rapid, solid-phase based automated analysis of chromatin structure and transcription factor occupancy in living eukaryotic cells

Transcription factors, chromatin components and chromatin modification activities are involved in many diseases including cancer. However, the means by which alterations in these factors influence the epigenotype of specific cell types is poorly understood. One problem that limits progress is that regulatory regions of eukaryotic genes sometimes extend over large regions of DNA. To improve chromatin structure–function analysis over such large regions, we have developed an automated, relatively simple procedure that uses magnetic beads and a capillary sequencer for ligation-mediated-PCR (LM-PCR). We show that the procedure can be used for the rapid examination of chromatin fine-structure, nucleosome positioning as well as changes in transcription factor binding-site occupancy during cellular differentiation

Bald Eagles at the Savanna Army Depot

Eagle Valley Environmentalists Technical Report #SADE-81, Research Report conducted December 1980 - March 1981, under a contract with the United States Arm

Weight changes following lower limb arthroplasty : a prospective observational study

The aim of this study was to assess patterns of weight loss/gain following total hip or knee joint replacement. Four hundred and fifty primary lower limb arthroplasty patients, where the current surgery was the last limiting factor to improved mobility, were selected. Over a one year period 212 gained weight (mean 5.03kg), 92 remained static, and 146 lost weight. The median change was a weight gain of 0.50Kg (p=0.002). All patients had a significant improvement in Oxford outcome scores. Hip arthroplasty patients were statistically more likely to gain weight than knee arthroplasty patients. A successful arthroplasty, restoring a patient's mobility, does not necessarily lead to subsequent weight loss. The majority of patients put on weight with an overall net weight gain. No adverse effect on functional outcome was noted

A Clash of Fundamental Rights: Conflicts Between the Fifth and Sixth Amendments in Criminal Trials

The United States Constitution\u27s Fifth and Sixth Amendments protect the rights of criminal defendants and witnesses. The Fifth Amendment\u27s privilege against self-incrimination protects witnesses from forced self-incrimination, and the Sixth Amendment provides criminal defendants with the right to cross-examine prosecution witnesses and to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses. These fundamental rights conflict when a prosecution witness invokes the Fifth Amendment privilege on cross-examination or when a defense witness invokes the privilege on direct-examination. A grant of either use or transactional immunity would remove the potential for self-incrimination, but courts are split on whether they possess the authority to grant such immunity to defense witnesses. This Note examines the judicial approaches to resolving the conflicts between the Fifth and Sixth Amendment, and it analyzes the factors that favor and those that oppose a grant of immunity to defense witnesses. This Note concludes that defense witnesses should be granted use immunity whenever their testimony might be exculpatory

Internal wave observations off Isle Verte

A comparison is made between series of high frequency internal waves observed in the St. Lawrence estuary from an aircraft and in a field program at a later date. Wave generation is associated with the propagation of a warm surface front during each ebb flow. The number of waves, as evidenced by surface slicks, is thought to vary as does the stability of the upper layer of the water column

Acute Alterations of Scapular Upward Rotation following a Functional Fatiguing Protocol in Male Tennis Players

Context: Alterations in scapular kinematics, specifically upward rotation, are associated with a variety of chronic shoulder conditions. Fatigue may exacerbate the mechanisms potentially resulting in microtrauma and impingement syndrome. Objective: To identify acute alterations of scapular upward rotation following a functional fatigue protocol. Design: Prospective longitudinal. Setting: Biomechanics research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty healthy, male competitive tennis players with no history of shoulder injury participated in this study: 10 experimental subjects(19.4 ± 1.07 yrs., 180.09 + 8.92 cm 72 + 11.56 kg) and 10 control subjects (19.6 ± 1.17 yrs., 181.1 + 6.56 cm 81.56 + 13.51 kg). Interventions: Scapular upward rotation was measured three times per session on the dominant arm while at rest, 60˚, 90˚ and 120˚ of humeral elevation in the scapular plane. Participants in the experimental group performed a tennis serving protocol and maintained at least 90% maximal exertion of the tennis serve. Fatigue was defined as reaching a rating of 15 using Borg’s rate of perceived exertion scale as well as 70% HR max. Upward rotation measurements were taken before and immediately following the fatigue protocol, and 24, 48, and 72 hours post exercise. Control participants were tested at the same time intervals without the fatiguing protocol. Main Outcome Measures: Four 2 x 5 (group x session) repeated measures ANOVA’s were performed followed by simple contrasts as appropriate. Results: Significant group by time interaction for scapular upward rotation was found at all testing positions (rest, 60˚, 90˚ and 120˚). Contrasts revealed differences between the experimental group’s pre fatigue and post fatigue values at all testing positions (pre fatigue rest: 1.48 + 2.66 post fatigue rest: -.68+ 2.66 p\u3c.001; pre fatigue 60˚: 7.87+ 4.46 post fatigue 60˚: 5.67+ 4.72 p=.010; pre fatigue 90˚: 22.51+ 5.40 post fatigue 90˚: 19.29+ 5.16 p\u3c.001; pre fatigue 120˚: 37.34+ 6.91 post fatigue 120˚: 33.35+ 6.49 p\u3c.001; as well as at 60˚ pre fatigue and day four measurements(pre fatigue 60˚: 7.87+ 4.46 day 4 60˚: 7.67+ 4.55 p=.031) Conclusions: Fatigue appears to affect, specifically impairs, scapular upward rotation in male tennis players but returns to baseline values within twenty-four hours. Further research should identify when it returns to baseline to provide guidance for rest intervals for healthy male tennis players as well as if these changes are similar in a pathologic group of players