Ovariectomy does not affect the cardiac sympathovagal balance of female SHR but estradiol does

The low incidence of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, in premenopausal women has led to the conclusion that ovarian hormones may have a protective effect on the cardiovascular system. We evaluated the effects of ovariectomy and/or estradiol on sympathovagal balance and heart rate variability (HRV) in female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with tachycardia and compared them to Wistar rats (12 weeks old; N = 8-12). Ovariectomy (OVX) and/or estradiol (10 µg/kg) did not affect basal arterial pressure in either rat strain, but estradiol increased basal heart rate (HR) in OVX SHR (454 ± 18 vs 377 ± 9 bpm). HR changes elicited by methylatropine and propranolol were used to evaluate the sympathovagal balance. Ovariectomy did not affect the cardiac sympathovagal balance of any group, while estradiol increased sympathetic tone in OVX SHR (120 ± 8 vs 56 ± 10 bpm) and sham-operated Wistar rats (57 ± 7 vs 28 ± 4 bpm), and decreased the parasympathetic tone only in OVX SHR (26 ± 7 vs 37 ± 5 bpm). HRV was studied in the frequency domain (Fast Fourier Transformation). Spectra of HR series were examined at low frequency (LF: 0.2-0.75 Hz) and high frequency (HF: 0.75-3 Hz) bands. The power of LF, as well as the LF/HF ratio, was not affected by ovariectomy, but estradiol increased both LF (29 ± 4 vs 18 ± 3 nu in Wistar sham-operated, 26 ± 5 vs 15 ± 3 nu in Wistar OVX, 50 ± 3 vs 38 ± 4 nu in SHR sham-operated, and 51 ± 3 vs 42 ± 3 nu in SHR OVX) and LF/HF (0.48 ± 0.08 vs 0.23 ± 0.03 nu in Wistar sham-operated, 0.41 ± 0.14 vs 0.19 ± 0.05 nu in Wistar OVX, 0.98 ± 0.11 vs 0.63 ± 0.11 nu in SHR sham-operated, and 1.10 ± 0.11 vs 0.78 ± 0.1 nu in SHR OVX). Thus, we suggest that ovariectomy did not affect the cardiac sympathovagal balance of SHR or Wistar rats, while estradiol increased the sympathetic modulation of HR

Acute and chronic electrical activation of baroreceptor afferents in awake and anesthetized subjects

Electrical stimulation of baroreceptor afferents was used in the 1960's in several species, including human beings, for the treatment of refractory hypertension. This approach bypasses the site of baroreceptor mechanosensory transduction. Chronic electrical stimulation of arterial baroreceptors, particularly of the carotid sinus nerve (Hering's nerve), was proposed as an ultimate effort to treat refractory hypertension and angina pectoris due to the limited nature of pharmacological therapy available at that time. Nevertheless, this approach was abandoned in the early 1970's due to technical limitations of implantable devices and to the development of better-tolerated antihypertensive medications. More recently, our laboratory developed the technique of electrical stimulation of the aortic depressor nerve in conscious rats, enabling access to hemodynamic responses without the undesirable effect of anesthesia. In addition, electrical stimulation of the aortic depressor nerve allows assessment of the hemodynamic responses and the sympathovagal balance of the heart in hypertensive rats, which exhibit a well-known decrease in baroreflex sensitivity, usually attributed to baroreceptor ending dysfunction. Recently, there has been renewed interest in using electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus, but not the carotid sinus nerve, to lower blood pressure in conscious hypertensive dogs as well as in hypertensive patients. Notably, previous undesirable technical outcomes associated with electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve observed in the 1960's and 1970's have been overcome. Furthermore, promising data have been recently reported from clinical trials that evaluated the efficacy of carotid sinus stimulation in hypertensive patients with drug resistant hypertension.FAPESPCNPqCoordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES

Myocardial performance in conscious streptozotocin diabetic rats

BACKGROUND: In spite of a large amount of studies in anesthetized animals, isolated hearts, and in vitro cardiomyocytes, to our knowledge, myocardial function was never studied in conscious diabetic rats. Myocardial performance and the response to stress caused by dobutamine were examined in conscious rats, fifteen days after the onset of diabetes caused by streptozotocin (STZ). The protective effect of insulin was also investigated in STZ-diabetic rats. METHODS: Cardiac contractility and relaxation were evaluated by means of maximum positive (+dP/dt(max)) and negative (-dP/dt(max)) values of first derivative of left ventricular pressure over time. In addition, it was examined the myocardial response to stress caused by two dosages (1 and 15 μg/kg) of dobutamine. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare differences among groups, and two-way ANOVA for repeated measure, followed by Tukey post hoc test, to compare the responses to dobutamine. Differences were considered significant if P < 0.05. RESULTS: Basal mean arterial pressure, heart rate, +dP/dt(max )and -dP/dt(max )were found decreased in STZ-diabetic rats, but unaltered in control rats treated with vehicle and STZ-diabetic rats treated with insulin. Therefore, insulin prevented the hemodynamic and myocardial function alterations observed in STZ-diabetic rats. Lower dosage of dobutamine increased heart rate, +dP/dt(max )and -dP/dt(max )only in STZ-diabetic rats, while the higher dosage promoted greater, but similar, responses in the three groups. In conclusion, the results indicate that myocardial function was remarkably attenuated in conscious STZ-diabetic rats. In addition, the lower dosage of dobutamine uncovered a greater responsiveness of the myocardium of STZ-diabetic rats. Insulin preserved myocardial function and the integrity of the response to dobutamine of STZ-diabetic rats. CONCLUSION: The present study provides new data from conscious rats showing that the cardiomyopathy of this pathophysiological condition was expressed by low indices of contractility and relaxation. In addition, it was also demonstrated that these pathophysiological features were prevented by the treatment with insulin

Evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors in the Wistar Audiogenic Rat (WAR) Strain

Introduction: Risk factors for life-threatening cardiovascular events were evaluated in an experimental model of epilepsy, the Wistar Audiogenic Rat (WAR) strain. Methods: We used long-term ECG recordings in conscious, one year old, WAR and Wistar control counterparts to evaluate spontaneous arrhythmias and heart rate variability, a tool to assess autonomic cardiac control. Ventricular function was also evaluated using the pressure-volume conductance system in anesthetized rats. Results: Basal RR interval (RRi) was similar between WAR and Wistar rats (188\ub15 vs 199\ub16 ms). RRi variability strongly suggests that WAR present an autonomic imbalance with sympathetic overactivity, which is an isolated risk factor for cardiovascular events. Anesthetized WAR showed lower arterial pressure (92\ub13 vs 115\ub15 mmHg) and exhibited indices of systolic dysfunction, such as higher ventricle end-diastolic pressure (9.2\ub10.6 vs 5.6\ub11 mmHg) and volume (137\ub19 vs 68\ub19 \u3bcL) as well as lower rate of increase in ventricular pressure (5266\ub1602 vs 7320\ub1538 mmHg.s-1). Indices of diastolic cardiac function, such as lower rate of decrease in ventricular pressure (-5014\ub1780 vs -7766\ub1998 mmHg.s-1) and a higher slope of the linear relationship between end-diastolic pressure and volume (0.078\ub10.011 vs 0.036\ub10.011 mmHg.\u3bcL), were also found in WAR as compared to Wistar control rats. Moreover, Wistar rats had 3 to 6 ventricular ectopic beats, whereas WAR showed 15 to 30 ectopic beats out of the 20,000 beats analyzed in each rat. Conclusions: The autonomic imbalance observed previously at younger age is also present in aged WAR and, additionally, a cardiac dysfunction was also observed in the rats. These findings make this experimental model of epilepsy a valuable tool to study risk factors for cardiovascular events in epilepsy

Comparison between spectral analysis and symbolic dynamics for heart rate variability analysis in the rat

Spectral analysis of heart rate (HR) has been widely used to assess the autonomic cardiovascular control. A nonlinear approach, known as symbolic analysis, has been reported to be very useful to assess the autonomic control of cardiovascular system in humans, but very few studies reported on the differences between these two approaches on experimental models. Two distinct approaches were used to elicit autonomic changes in conscious Wistar rats: (1) pharmacological blockade of cardiac autonomic receptors with atenolol (ATE, N\u2009=\u20099) or methylatropine (ATR, N\u2009=\u20099) and (2) mild changes in arterial pressure (AP) induced by phenylephrine (PHE, N\u2009=\u20099) or sodium nitroprusside (NPS, N\u2009=\u20099). Series of cardiac interval (CI) and systolic AP (SAP) were assessed using spectral analysis and symbolic dynamics. Results show that, for spectral analysis, the power in high frequency band of CI and the power in low frequency band of SAP are the most reliable indices of vagal and sympathetic modulation, respectively. For symbolic analysis, results point 0V% and 1V% to be related to sympathetic and 2UV% to vagal modulation. Interestingly, the incidence of 1V patterns, hitherto with unknown meaning, was revealed the best index of sympathetic modulation in the rat and should be accounted for in the future studies

Time course of the hemodynamic responses to aortic depressor nerve stimulation in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats

The time to reach the maximum response of arterial pressure, heart rate and vascular resistance (hindquarter and mesenteric) was measured in conscious male spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive control rats (NCR; Wistar; 18-22 weeks) subjected to electrical stimulation of the aortic depressor nerve (ADN) under thiopental anesthesia. The parameters of stimulation were 1 mA intensity and 2 ms pulse length applied for 5 s, using frequencies of 10, 30, and 90 Hz. The time to reach the hemodynamic responses at different frequencies of ADN stimulation was similar for SHR (N = 15) and NCR (N = 14); hypotension = NCR (4194 +/- 336 to 3695 +/- 463 ms) vs SHR ( 3475 +/- 354 to 4494 +/- 300 ms); bradycardia = NCR (1618 +/- 152 to 1358 +/- 185 ms) vs SHR (1911 +/- 323 to 1852 +/- 431 ms), and the fall in hindquarter vascular resistance = NCR (6054 +/- 486 to 6550 +/- 847 ms) vs SHR (4849 +/- 918 to 4926 +/- 646 ms); mesenteric = NCR (5574 +/- 790 to 5752 +/- 539 ms) vs SHR (5638 +/- 648 to 6777 +/- 624 ms). In addition, ADN stimulation produced baroreflex responses characterized by a faster cardiac effect followed by a vascular effect, which together contributed to the decrease in arterial pressure. Therefore, the results indicate that there is no alteration in the conduction of the electrical impulse after the site of baroreceptor mechanical transduction in the baroreflex pathway (central and/or efferent) in conscious SHR compared to NCR.FAPESPFAPESP [02/09406-5]CNPqCNPq [134480/2006-6]CAPESCAPES [1681/07

RATOS ESPONTANEAMENTE HIPERTENSOS E NEUROPATIAS PERIFÉRICAS

Modelo do Estudo: O presente estudo é uma revisão de literatura sobre o modelo de hipertensão espontânea e as conseqüências da hipertensão para o sistema nervoso periférico, somático e autonômico. Importância do problema: Hipertensão é o principal fator de risco para acidente vascular cerebral e demência vascular, por causar importantes mudanças cerebrovasculares, tornando o cérebro propenso a infartos, microaneurismas e isquemias. As principais mudanças causadas no sistema nervoso central (SNC) pela hipertensão, incluem: diminuição do volume cerebral, aumento no volume dos ventrículos e perda neuronal. Além das alterações no cérebro, a hipertens ão causa outros danos que culminam em uma série de alterações patológicas renais e outras doenças, as quais sustentam a elevação da pressão arterial, aumento da freqüência cardíaca, e aumento da resistência vascular periférica. O rato espontaneamente hipertenso (SHR) é reconhecido como um excelente modelo de hipertensão experimental e pode servir como modelo de estudos clínicos da hipertensão essencial humana. Embora esse modelo tenha sido bastante explorado em termos fisiológicos, estudos morfológicos, quando presentes, se limitam aos vasos. Mesmo quando nervos periféricos foram estudados morfologicamente nesses animais, os vasos epineurais, perineurais e endoneurais foram o alvo do estudo. Raros são os estudos que envolvem as fibras nervosas nesse modelo de hipertensão. Comentários: Recentemente, estudamos as alterações do nervo depressor aórtico (NDA) em SHR. Nossos resultados mostraram redução do tamanho das fibras mielínicas e redução do tamanho e número das fibras amielínicas, comparados aos controles normotensos da linhagem Wistar-Kyoto. Outro estudo recente do nosso laboratório mostrou que, embora os níveis pressóricos dos SHR machos, bem como a freqüência cardíaca, sejam muito superiores aos das fêmeas, não há diferença morfológica nos nervos vagos cervicais entre SHR machos e fêmeas. Ainda, fazemos uma descrição morfológica e morfométrica do nervo sural de SHR, fornecendo parâmetros morfológicos para posteriores estudos funcionais.    Type of the study: The present study is a literature review about the spontaneous hypertension animal model, and the consequences of the hypertension to the peripheral nervous system, somatic and autonomic. Importance of the topic: Hypertension is the main risk factor to stroke and vascular dementia, due to important cerebrovascular changes that may lead to cerebral microaneurysms, infarction and acute ischemia. The main central nervous system changes due to hypertension are the reduction of the cerebral volume, increase of the ventricles volume and loss of neurons. Moreover, hypertension causes renal alterations and other pathologies that might sustain the high blood pressure, the tachycardia and the elevation of the peripheral vascular resistance. The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is recognized as an excellent model of the human essential hypertension. Nevertheless, despite that this animal model has been widely explored in terms ofphysiological studies, morphological studies, when available, are limited to the vessels. Even when periphera  nerves are being explored, the epineural, perineural and endoneural vessels are the subject of the studies. Information on the alterations of the myelinated and unmyelinated fibers in this model of hypertension is scanty. Comments: Recently, we studied the morphology and morphometry of the aortic depressor nerve (ADN) in SHR and our results have demonstrated a reduction of the myelinated fibers size and a reduction of the number and size of the unmyelinated fibers, compared to the normotensive controls Wistar-Kyoto. Another recent study from our laboratory showed that, despite the significantly higher blood pressure and heart rate on male SHR, compared to female SHR, there are no morphological differences on the vagus nerves between males and females. Also, we have described the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the sural nerve in SHR, thus providing morphological background for further functional studies.