ANALISIS KETERCAPAIAN DAN KONTRIBUSI KOMPONEN PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH KABUPATEN GOWA

Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) memiliki peran penting dalam menentukan kemampuan daerah untuk menjalankan roda pemerintahan. Seiring dengan munculnya aturan daerah mandiri yang dibawa dalam Undang-undang Otonomi Daerah, maka setiap daerah harus mampu menggali potensi daerahnya masing-masing untuk pembangunan infrastruktur dan rumah tangga pemerintahan. Kabupaten Gowa merupakan daerah yang berbatasan langsung dengan Kota Makassar, ibu Kota Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan, sehingga dianggap sebagai daerah dengan jenis PAD yang beragam.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui (1) realisasi PAD Kabupaten Gowa, (2) index pertumbuhan komponen PAD Kabupaten Gowa dan (3) kontribusi komponen PAD Kabupaten Gowa. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa data time series dari laporan target dan realisasi PAD Kabupaten Gowa tahun 2014-2018. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tingkat pencapaian dan realisasi PAD Kabupaten Gowa mengalami trend yang fluktuatif dengan nilai rata-rata 109,03% sehingga dapat dinyatakan sangat efektif. Tingkat pertumbuhan PAD Kabupaten Gowa menunjukkan angka pertumbuhan yang fluktuatif dengan nilai rata-rata pertumbuhan 10,36% sehingga dapat dinyatakan belum berhasil. Realisasi setiap komponen PAD berada di atas angka 100% sehingga dapat dinyatakan sangat efektif. Kontribusi setiap komponen PAD Kabupaten Gowa cenderung stagnan dimana secara rata-rata kontributor terbesar secara berurut yaitu pajak sebesar 44,86% (baik), retribusi sebesar 16,91% (kurang), pengelolaan kekayan daerah sebesar 35,00% (sedang), dan pendapatan lainnya sebesar 3,24% (sangat kurang)

Comparative Preclinical Evaluation of the Safety, Antifungal Activity, and Pharmacokinetics of Sertaconazole Products for External Use

The high prevalence of fungal skin infections motivates expanding the range of sertaconazole products for external use.The aim of the study was a preclinical comparison of the safety, antifungal activity, and pharmacokinetics of Sertaverin® 2% medicated shampoo (VERTEX JSC, Russia) with those of Sertamicol® 2% solution for external use (Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd, India) and Nizoral® 2% shampoo (Janssen Pharmaceuticals N.V., Belgium) approved in the Russian Federation.Materials and methods. In the toxicity study, the medicinal products were applied to the skin of male and female outbred rats at doses of 0.5 or 1.5 mL/animal for 28 days. The authors evaluated the pharmacokinetics of two sertaconazole formulations (shampoo and solution) following a single administration to adult male rats at the same dose. Nizoral® was not used in the pharmacokinetics study because it contains a different active substance, ketoconazole. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the serial microdilution method in a wide range of concentrations.Results. The medicinal products did not exhibit any significant toxic effects in laboratory animals after 28 days of repeated dermal application. Plasma sertaconazole concentrations were negligible. Sertaconazole was intensively distributed in the liver, which is a highly vascularised organ, and in the target organ (skin at the site of application). The relative bioavailability of sertaconazole from the shampoo relative to that from the solution for external use was approximately 30% in liver tissues and approximately 363% in skin tissues at the application site. Sertaverin® was comparable to sertaconazole in the active substance form in terms of inhibiting the growth of Malassezia furfur strains. The MICs calculated on the active substance basis were ≤16–64 μg/mL.Conclusions. With its synergistic dual mechanism of action, broad-spectrum antifungal activity, lipophilic properties, and low systemic absorption, Sertaverin® may provide a more effective and safe alternative to marketed medicinal products for scalp diseases

The state of health in Indonesia's provinces, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Analysing trends and levels of the burden of disease at the national level can mask inequalities in health-related progress in lower administrative units such as provinces and districts. We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to analyse health patterns in Indonesia at the provincial level between 1990 and 2019. Long-term analyses of disease burden provide insights on Indonesia's advance to universal health coverage and its ability to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Methods We analysed GBD 2019 estimated cause-specific mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), life expectancy at birth, healthy life expectancy, and risk factors for 286 causes of death, 369 causes of non-fatal health loss, and 87 risk factors by year, age, and sex for Indonesia and its 34 provinces from 1990 to 2019. To generate estimates for Indonesia at the national level, we used 138 location-years of data to estimate Indonesia-specific demographic indicators, 317 location-years of data for Indonesia-specific causes of death, 689 location-years of data for Indonesia-specific non-fatal outcomes, 250 location-years of data for Indonesia-specific risk factors, and 1641 location-years of data for Indonesia-specific covariates. For subnational estimates, we used the following source counts: 138 location-years of data to estimate Indonesia-specific demographic indicators; 5848 location-years of data for Indonesia-specific causes of death; 1534 location-years of data for Indonesia-specific non-fatal outcomes; 650 location-years of data for Indonesia-specific risk factors; and 16 016 location-years of data for Indonesia-specific covariates. We generated our GBD 2019 estimates for Indonesia by including 1 915 207 total source metadata rows, and we used 821 total citations. Findings Life expectancy for males across Indonesia increased from 62·5 years (95% uncertainty interval 61·3–63·7) to 69·4 years (67·2–71·6) between 1990 and 2019, a positive change of 6·9 years. For females during the same period, life expectancy increased from 65·7 years (64·5–66·8) to 73·5 years (71·6–75·6), an increase of 7·8 years. There were large disparities in health outcomes among provinces. In 2019, Bali had the highest life expectancy at birth for males (74·4 years, 70·90–77·9) and North Kalimantan had the highest life expectancy at birth for females (77·7 years, 74·7–81·2), whereas Papua had the lowest life expectancy at birth for males (64·5 years, 60·9–68·2) and North Maluku had the lowest life expectancy at birth for females (64·0 years, 60·7–67·3). The difference in life expectancy for males between the highest-ranked and lowest-ranked provinces was 9·9 years and the difference in life expectacy for females between the highest-ranked and lowest-ranked provinces was 13·7 years. Age-standardised death, YLL, and YLD rates also varied widely among the provinces in 2019. High systolic blood pressure, tobacco, dietary risks, high fasting plasma glucose, and high BMI were the five leading risks contributing to health loss measured as DALYs in 2019. Interpretation Our findings highlight that Indonesia faces a double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases that varies across provinces. From 1990 to 2019, Indonesia witnessed a decline in the infectious disease burden, although communicable diseases such as tuberculosis, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections have remained a main source of DALYs in Indonesia. During that same period, however, all-ages death and disability rates from non-communicable diseases and exposure to their risk factors accounted for larger shares of health loss. The differences in health outcomes between the highest-performing and lowest-performing provinces have also widened since 1990. Our findings support a comprehensive process to revisit current health policies, examine the root causes of variation in the burden of disease among provinces, and strengthen programmes and policies aimed at reducing disparities across the country. Funding The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Government of Indonesia. Translation For the Bahasa Indonesia translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section

Dietary digestible carbohydrates are associated with higher prevalence of asthma in humans and with aggravated lung allergic inflammation in mice.

BACKGROUND: Dietary carbohydrates and fats are intrinsically correlated within the habitual diet. We aimed to disentangle the associations of starch and sucrose from those of fat, in relation to allergic sensitization, asthma and rhinoconjuctivitis prevalence in humans, and to investigate underlying mechanisms using murine models. METHODS: Epidemiological data from participants of two German birth cohorts (age 15) were used in logistic regression analyses testing cross-sectional associations of starch and sucrose (and their main dietary sources) with aeroallergen sensitization, asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis, adjusting for correlated fats (saturated, monounsaturated, omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated) and other covariates. For mechanistic insights, murine models of aeroallergen-induced allergic airway inflammation (AAI) fed with a low-fat-high-sucrose or -high-starch versus a high-fat diet were used to characterize and quantify disease development. Metabolic and physiologic parameters were used to track outcomes of dietary interventions and cellular and molecular responses to monitor the development of AAI. Oxidative stress biomarkers were measured in murine sera or lung homogenates. RESULTS: We demonstrate a direct association of dietary sucrose with asthma prevalence in males, while starch was associated with higher asthma prevalence in females. In mice, high-carbohydrate feeding, despite scant metabolic effects, aggravated AAI compared to high-fat in both sexes, as displayed by humoral response, mucus hypersecretion, lung inflammatory cell infiltration and TH 2-TH 17 profiles. Compared to high-fat, high-carbohydrate intake was associated with increased pulmonary oxidative stress, signals of metabolic switch to glycolysis and decreased systemic anti-oxidative capacity. CONCLUSION: High consumption of digestible carbohydrates is associated with increased prevalence of asthma in humans and aggravated lung allergic inflammation in mice, involving oxidative stress-related mechanisms

Isotopologue Profiling of Triterpene Formation under Physiological Conditions. Biosynthesis of Lupeol-3-(3′‑<i>R</i>‑hydroxy)-stearate in <i>Pentalinon andrieuxii</i>

The biosynthesis of lupeol-3-(3′<i>R</i>-hydroxy)-stearate (procrim b, <b>1</b>) was investigated in the Mexican medicinal plant <i>Pentalinon andrieuxii</i> by ¹³CO₂ pulse-chase experiments. NMR analyses revealed positional enrichments of ¹³C₂-isotopologues in both the triterpenoid and the hydroxystearate moieties of <b>1</b>. Five of the six isoprene units reflected a pattern with [1,2-¹³C₂]- and [3,5-¹³C₂]-isotopologues from the respective C₅-precursors, IPP and DMAPP, whereas one isoprene unit in the ring E of <b>1</b> showed only the [3,5-¹³C₂]-connectivity of the original C₅-precursor, due to rearrangement of the dammarenyl cation intermediate during the cyclization process. The presence of ¹³C₂-isotopologues was indicative of [¹³C₂]­acetyl-CoA being the precursor units in the formation of the fatty acid moiety and of the triterpene via the mevalonate route. The observed labeling pattern was in agreement with a chair-chair-chair-boat conformation of the (<i>S</i>)-2,3-oxidosqualene precursor during the cyclization process, suggesting that the lupeol synthase from <i>P. andrieuxii</i> is of the same type as that from <i>Olea europea</i> and <i>Taraxacum officinale</i>, but different from that of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>. The study shows that ¹³CO₂ pulse-chase experiments are powerful in elucidating, under <i>in vivo</i> conditions and in a single experiment, the biosynthesis of complex plant products including higher terpenes