Foundation stone of empire: the role of Portland stone in ‘heritage’, commemoration, and identity.

In 2013, Portland Stone, a creamy white limestone from the Isle of Portland in Dorset, was named the world’s first ‘Global Heritage Stone Resource’ (GSHR) by the Heritage Stone Task Group, a sub-commission of the International Union of Geological Sciences. The criteria for GSHR designation are ambiguous, with the Task Group championing Portland Stone’s ‘cultural value’ and ‘heritage’, neither of which are critically interrogated. In this paper we undertake a detailed critical discourse analysis of Hansard entries mentioning Portland Stone between 1803 and 2020. We reveal that the use of Portland Stone is intertwined with colonial oppression, class subjugation, empire politics, structural racism, and a mythologised, England-centric vision of British national identity. In celebrating the use of Portland Stone as part of Britain’s ‘heritage’, we are condoning a narrative of Britishness that is exclusionary and whitewashed, and that supports an elite rewriting of national and international history. Drawing on critical heritage literature, we argue that the Heritage Stone Task Group must urgently reconsider their uncritical appraisal of ‘heritage’ and ‘culture’ and consult with social science colleagues to ensure that all voices are heard. Our study shows that through the history and nature of their usage, the rocks beneath our feet, our natural foundation, can become imbued with notions of regional and national identity, belonging and exclusion, memory and loss – they can become a powerful manifestation of symbolic and unequal power structures. While British society’s attention is turned to the imprint of colonialism, empire, and race on our geographies, we urge further consideration of the built environment: the very stones that construct our towns and cities, the plinths on which statues are erected, tell stories of oppression and domination that are an important part of British history, culture, and heritage

Dva predavanja o partizanskoj umjetnosti

MRW was supported by a NERC-studentship through the University of Manchester. MRW also acknowledges financial support from IAS via a postgraduate grant. SS was supported through a Strategy Grant of the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences at the University of Manchester.The Paleoproterozoic Great Oxidation Event (GOE) marks the first significant oxidation of atmosphere and surface environments, and is causally associated with the global disappearance of mass-independent sulfur isotope fractionation (MIF-S). However, fundamental sedimentary aspects of sedimentary successions recording this event (e.g. depositional environment, tectonic setting and stratigraphic correlation) are poorly constrained and often debated, restricting full understanding of causes and effects related to the GOE. In South Africa, MIF-S disappears across the ‘mid-Duitschland unconformity’ (MDU) in the Duitschland Formation (Transvaal Supergroup). New sedimentological observations of the lower Duitschland Formation have identified up to 5 times thicker and more diverse chert-pebble conglomerates than previously documented. New facies observed include lenticular conglomerates which incise cross-bedded dolomites, and imbricated conglomerates. The overlying MDU is angular in nature, recording an ∼15° N dip of the lower Duitschland strata; elsewhere it possesses a disconformable geometry. A new depositional model is proposed where shallow-marine carbonate (ramp) deposition interfaced with wave-influenced Gilbert-type fan deltas in an isolated depocentre produced during synsedimentary faulting. There is no evidence that the MDU formed due to direct glaciation as proposed previously, however glacio-eustatic changes may have had an influence. This study supports lithostratigraphic correlations between the Duitschland and Rooihoogte formations which both register the MIF-S disappearance, but are considered separate lithostratigraphic units, which implies oscillations in MIF-S. The correlation proposed in this study implies a unique MIF-S signal and has important consequences for differentiating true spatiotemporal oscillations in MIF-S chemistry from artificial variations caused by unresolved stratigraphic relations.PostprintPeer reviewe

Collapse of Flux Tubes

The dynamics of an idealized, infinite, MIT-type flux tube is followed in time as the interior evolves from a pure gluon field to a $\overline q \ q$ plasma. We work in color U(1). $\overline q\ q$ pair formation is evaluated according to the Schwinger mechanism using the results of Brink and Pavel. The motion of the quarks toward the tube endcaps is calculated by a Boltzmann equation including collisions. The tube undergoes damped radial oscillations until the electric field settles down to zero. The electric field stabilizes the tube against pinch instabilities; when the field vanishes, the tube disintegrates into mesons. There is only one free parameter in the problem, namely the initial flux tube radius, to which the results are very sensitive. Among various quantities calculated is the mean energy of the emitted pions.Comment: 16 pages plus 12 figures. RevTex3. DOE/ER/40427-160N9

Fatigue behavior of materials for the sst - electron fractographic studies final report

Electron microscopic fractography to determine fatigue behavior of materials for supersonic transport - titanium, aluminum, molybdenum, and vanadiu

Sedimentology and isotope geochemistry of transitional evaporitic environments within arid continental settings : from erg to saline lakes

This research was supported by grants to RPP from the AAPG (Gustavus E. Archie Memorial Grant) and by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant 678812 to M.W.C.).Arid continental basins typically contain a spectrum of coeval environments that coexist and interact from proximal to distal. Within the distal portion, aeolian ergs often border playa, or perennial, desert lakes, fed by fluvial incursions or elevated groundwaters. Evaporites are common features in these dryland, siliciclastic dominant settings. However, sedimentary controls upon evaporite deposition are not widely understood, especially within transitional zones between coeval clastic environments that are dominantly controlled by larger scale allocyclic processes, such as climate. The sulphur (δ34S) and oxygen (δ18O, Δ17O) isotope systematics of evaporites can reveal cryptic aspects of sedimentary cycling and sulphate sources in dryland settings. However, due to the lack of sedimentological understanding of evaporitic systems, isotopic data can be easily misinterpreted. This work presents detailed sedimentological and petrographic observations, coupled with δ34S, δ18O and Δ17O data, for the early Permian Cedar Mesa Sandstone Formation (western USA). Depositional models for mixed evaporitic / clastic sedimentation, which occurs either in erg-marginal or lacustrine-marginal settings, are presented to detail the sedimentary interactions present in terms of climate variations that control them. Sedimentological and petrographical analysis of the evaporites within the Cedar Mesa Sandstone Formation reveal a continental depositional environment and two end member depositional models have been developed: erg-margin and lake-margin. The δ34S values of gypsum deposits within the Cedar Mesa Sandstone Formation are consistent with late Carboniferous to early Permian marine settings. However, a marine interpretation is inconsistent with sedimentological and petrographic evidence. Consequently, δ34S, δ18O and Δ17O values are probably recycled and do not reflect ocean-atmosphere values at the time of evaporite precipitation. They are most likely derived from the weathering of older marine evaporites in the hinterland. Thus, the results demonstrate the need for a combination of both sedimentological and geochemical analysis of evaporitic systems to better understand their depositional setting and conditions.PostprintPeer reviewe

A copper isotope investigation of methane cycling in Late Archaean sediments

This research was supported by NERC award NE/L002590/1 to the IAPETUS DTP, and by NERC Standard Grant NE/J023485/2 to A.L.Z. The initiation of Cu isotope analysis at the University of St Andrews was aided significantly by a Carnegie Trust Research Incentive Grant awarded to P.S.S.The rise of oxygenic photosynthesis arguably represents the most important evolutionary step in Earth history. Recent studies, however, suggest that Earth’s pre-oxidative atmosphere was also heavily influenced by biological feedbacks. Most notably, recent geochemical records propose the existence of a hydrocarbon haze which periodically formed in response to enhanced biospheric methane fluxes. Copper isotopes provide a potential proxy for biological methane cycling; Cu is a bioessential trace metal and a key element in the aerobic oxidation of methane to carbon dioxide (methanotrophy). In addition, Cu isotopes are fractionated during biological uptake. Here, we present a high-resolution Cu isotope record measured in a suite of shales and carbonates from core GKF01, through the ~2.6–2.5 Ga Campbellrand-Malmani carbonate platform. Our data show a 0.85‰ range in Cu isotope composition and a negative excursion that predates the onset of a haze event. We interpret this excursion as representing a period of enhanced aerobic methane oxidation before the onset of the Great Oxidation Event. This places valuable time constraints on the evolution of this metabolism and firmly establishing Cu isotopes as a biomarker in Late Archaean rocks.PostprintPeer reviewe

Schwinger Particle-Production Mechanism for a Finite-Length Flux Tube with Transverse Confinement

Previous results for the pair production probability in a strong electric field with a finite longitudinal separation are generalized to the case of a finite-length flux tube with transverse confinement. The threshold length of the flux tube, below which pair production cannot occur, increases as a result of transverse confinement.Comment: 12 pages (REVTeX

Relativistic Mean Field Approach and the Pseudo-Spin Symmetry

Based on the Relativistic Mean Field (RMF) approach the existence of the broken pseudo-spin symmetry is investigated. Both spherical RMF and constrained deformed RMF calculations are carried out employing realistic Lagrangian parameters for spherical and for deformed sample nuclei. The quasi - degenerate pseudo-spin doublets are confirmed to exist near the fermi surface for both spherical and deformed nuclei.Comment: 9 pages RevTex, 4 p.s figures, to appear in Phys. Rev. C as R.

Long- and medium-range components of the nuclear force in quark-model based calculations

Quark-model descriptions of the nucleon-nucleon interaction contain two main ingredients, a quark-exchange mechanism for the short-range repulsion and meson-exchanges for the medium- and long-range parts of the interaction. We point out the special role played by higher partial waves, and in particular the 1F3, as a very sensitive probe for the meson-exchange part employed in these interaction models. In particular, we show that the presently available models fail to provide a reasonable description of higher partial waves and indicate the reasons for this shortcoming.Comment: 19 pages, 7 figure

Repulsive Core of NN S-Wave Scattering in a Quark Model with a Condensed Vacuum

We work in a chiral invariant quark model, with a condensed vacuum, characterized by only one parameter. Bound state equations for the nucleon and Delta are solved in order to obtain an updated value of their radii and masses. Nucleon-nucleon S-Wave scattering is studied in the RGM framework both for isospin T=1 and T=0. The phase shifts are calculated and an equivalent local potential, which is consistent with K-N scattering, is derived. The result is a reasonable microscopic short range repulsion in the nucleon-nucleon interaction.Comment: 23 pages in latex revtex, 4 Postscript figure