Stability and optimality in parametric convex programming models

Equivalent conditions for structural stability are given for convex programming models in terms of three point-to-set mappings. These mappings are then used to characterize locally optimal parameters. For Lagrange models and, in particular, LFS models the characterizations are given relative to general (possibly unstable) perturbations

Expansión agrícola en Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay y Chile entre 2000-2010. Caracterización espacial mediante series temporales de índices de vegetación. [Agricultural expansion in Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and Chile between 2000-2010. Spatial characterization using time series vegetation indices. (Review)].

RESUMEN. En Sudamérica ocurrieron, en las últimas décadas, grandes transformaciones del paisaje. Como consecuencias de mejoras tecnológicas, nuevas condiciones en el mercado y precios internacionales, tanto pastizales como bosques o arbustales fueron transformados, principalmente para la producción de soja con fines de exportación. A partir de teledetección y Sistemas de Información Geográfica se analizaron series temporales de productos del sensor MODIS y se detectaron los principales sistemas de cultivos de 5 países de Sudamérica.Se cartografiaron las áreas de cultivos anuales para los ciclos productivos 2000/01 y 2010/11, se evaluaron de manera espacialmente explícita los cambios ocurridos entre los mencionados ciclos y se elaboraron hipótesis a fin de entender dichos procesos de cambios. Se observó un incremento del 43% de la superficie cultivada entre ciclos, con una distribución espacial heterogénea. Los cambios más destacables a nivel regional fueron la disminución del 66% en la superficie ocupada con cultivos de invierno como práctica única, y los incrementos del 62% y 52% en la superficie de los cultivos de verano y doble cultivos, respectivamente. La metodología planteada fue adecuada para llevar a cabo análisis que combinan una gran extensión de territorio y tiempo.ABSTRACT.In South America major landscape transformations occurred in the last decades as a consequence of technological improvements and new international market and prices conditions. Grasslands, shrublands and forests were cleared mainly for soybean production for export. Based on remote sensing and GIS techniques, we analyzed MODIS products time series, to detect the major cropping systems in 5 countries of South America.We mapped annual crop areas for the 2000/01 and 2010/11 growing seasons, we evaluated in a spatially explicit way the changes between these periods, and we developed hypotheses in order to understand the changes. There was a 43% increase in the cropped area between growing seasons, with a heterogeneous spatial distribution. The most notable changes at the regional level were a 66% decreased in the area cover by winter crops as unique practice, and increases of 62% for summer crops and 52% in the double cropped area. The methodology used was adequate to carry out analyses that combine a large expanse of territory and time

Prevalence of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: a systematic literature review of scientific evidence from across the world in 2007–2017

Abstract Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a common comorbidity in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). CVD’s prevalence has been growing over time. Purpose To estimate the current prevalence of CVD among adults with T2DM by reviewing literature published within the last 10 years (2007–March 2017). Methods We searched Medline, Embase, and proceedings of major scientific meetings for original research documenting the prevalence of CVD in T2DM. CVD included stroke, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular death. No restrictions were placed on country of origin or publication language. Two reviewers independently searched for articles and extracted data, adjudicating results through consensus. Data were summarized descriptively. Risk of bias was examined by applying the STROBE checklist. Results We analyzed data from 57 articles with 4,549,481 persons having T2DM. Europe produced the most articles (46%), followed by the Western Pacific/China (21%), and North America (13%). Overall in 4,549,481 persons with T2DM, 52.0% were male, 47.0% were obese, aged 63.6 ± 6.9 years old, with T2DM duration of 10.4 ± 3.7 years. CVD affected 32.2% overall (53 studies, N = 4,289,140); 29.1% had atherosclerosis (4 studies, N = 1153), 21.2% had coronary heart disease (42 articles, N = 3,833,200), 14.9% heart failure (14 studies, N = 601,154), 14.6% angina (4 studies, N = 354,743), 10.0% myocardial infarction (13 studies, N = 3,518,833) and 7.6% stroke (39 studies, N = 3,901,505). CVD was the cause of death in 9.9% of T2DM patients (representing 50.3% of all deaths). Risk of bias was low; 80 ± 12% of STROBE checklist items were adequately addressed. Conclusions Globally, overall CVD affects approximately 32.2% of all persons with T2DM. CVD is a major cause of mortality among people with T2DM, accounting for approximately half of all deaths over the study period. Coronary artery disease and stroke were the major contributors

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module

We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care–associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U.S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN