Treatability Studies of Dairy Wastewater by Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor

In any dairy plant, the quantity and characteristics of effluent is depending upon the extent of production activities, pasteurization of several milk products. The anaerobic digesters are used in the first phase of treatment, which is followed by high rate aerobic treatment. It remains as the most common effluent treatment scheme for dairy plants. The Indian dairy industry is stated to have the growth at more than 15% and waste water is poised to cross 150 million tones / annum. The requirement for milk and milk products is keep growing in steady state, making a significant impact on the Indian agriculture domain. The dairy industries require large quantity of water for the purpose of washing of cans, machinery and floor, the liquid waste in a dairy originates from manufacturing process, utilities and service section. So there is every need to reuse the waste water generated with proper and efficient treatment methods. Biological wastewater treatment has been performed in many different ways .In order to overcome the limitations of suspended and attached growth systems. Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactors are designed. UASB is a hybrid type of reactor, involving both suspended and attached growth process. This study involves the treatment of dairy industry wastewater by UASB reactor by varying the retention times in days for a particular organic loading rate . This has effectively removed BOD, COD and other parameters because of the combined suspended and attached growth processes Keywords: UASB reactor, COD removal, biogas production

Congenital ptosis with associated ocular and systemic anomalies and its management: A study

INTRODUCTION: Ptosis (Blepharoptosis) denotes drooping of the upper eyelid. True congenital ptosis includes developmental dystrophy of levator muscle of unknown cause. In true congenital ptosis, deficiency of striated fibers in the levator muscle is present from birth and remains throughout life. The levator and frontalis muscle act in coordination, the frontalis muscle overacts to compensate the loss of elevating action of levator muscle. The ptosis is often unilateral but can be bilateral. The choice of management depends primarily on the levator function. There is increase evidence to show that even if a ptosis partially occludes the pupil, there is a risk of amblyopia and surgery forms treatment of choice. Surgery restores stable, normally functioning eyelid and improves superior visual field. AIM OF STUDY: The main aspect of this study is to analyses the Ocular, systemic associations in congenital ptosis and its management. OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS: 155 Cases reported with congenital ptosis in the age group of, from birth to 50 years were studied. Among these, 14 cases had family history of ptosis (9.0%). Only one had history of forceps application (0.64%). 95% of cases came for cosmetic purpose and 5% came for defective Vision. 90 male patients with 58.1% and 65 female patients with 41.9% were included in this study. Left eye was involved in 64 patients with 41.2%, right eye in 56 patients with 32.9% and both eyes were involved in 40 cases with 29.1%. ANALYSIS: The present analytical study on evaluation and surgical management of all congenital blepharoptosis was conducted at Regional institute of ophthalmology, Government Ophthalmic hospital, Chennai. 155 cases were evaluated and examined in detailed manner, Ocular and systemic anomalies associations were looked for in this study. The analytical data are as follows: CONCLUSION: The incidence of ptosis was found to be more common in the age group of 11 to 20 years. This shows the cosmetic consciousness in this age group. Majority of patients were male. Left eye predominance and familial associations were noted. Among the congenital ptosis, simple congenital ptosis formed major group. Superior rectus weakness, Blepharophimosis syndrome and Marcus gunn Jaw winking phenomenon formed the major ocular anomalies associations. Congenital heart disease formed the major systemic associations. Three different surgical procedures were followed in most of the cases. Among this, frontalis sling surgery forms the major group. As ptosis leads to un- acceptable cosmetic appearance and defective vision, the fight against ptosis by surgical procedures were successful. A surgery restored a stable, normal functioning eyelid and improves superior visual field, thereby forms the main treatment of choice

Cutaneous manifestations of Diabetes Melltus - A clinical study.

INTRODUCTION : Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels and disturbances in the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Its prevalence is increasing in the present scenario of a stressful life style in the general population. Abnormalities of insulin and elevated blood glucose level lead to metabolic, vascular, neurological and immunological abnormalities. Affected organs include cardiovascular, renal and nervous systems, eyes and the skin. The skin is affected by both the acute metabolic derangements and the chronic degenerative complications of diabetes. Skin, the largest organ of the body is capable of reflecting these changes in a striking manner and some of the cutaneous markers have been labelled as cutaneous manifestations for this metabolic disorder. Several studies have been conducted to assess the Skin-Diabetes relationship. This is one such study not only to know the Skin-Diabetes relationship but also to explore the newer manifestations with advancing knowledge of the disease. AIM OF THE STUDY ; 1. To study the prevalence of various dermatoses in the diabetic population. 2. To study the age, sex prevalence of diabetic patients with various dermatoses. 3. To compare the dermatoses in the Noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients with those of the Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. 4. To correlate the recent Glycosylated Haemoglobin level to the common infections in diabetes mellitus patients. 5. To correlate the mean duration of diabetes mellitus in years in relation to cutaneous manifestations in diabetics. 6. To study the occurrence of diabetic therapy induced complications. CONCLUSIONS 1.Infections were the commonest clinical associations observed in our studies. 2. Candidiasis , dermatophytosis and primary bacterial infections were commonly observed in NIDDM patients where as pityriasis versicolor, erythrasma and viral infections were common in IDDM patients. 3. Balanoposthitis in men and vulvovaginitis in women were the common clinical types of candidiasis observed. 4. A rare deep Mycosis, Rhinocerebral zygomycosis was encountered in two uncontrolled IDDM patient. 5. Vitiligo, Oral erosive Lichen planus, Acanthosis nigricans, Granuloma annulare were seen exclusively in IDDM group. 6. Psoriasis, Acrochordons, Localized cutaneous amyloidosis were limited only to the NIDDM group. 7. Half of the diabetic patients with Pruritus had coexisting diabetic neuropathy. 8. Kyrle’s disease exclusively accompanied IDDM patients with diabetic nephropathy. 9. Autonomic and sensory neuropathy induced complications were observed equally in NIDDM and IDDM group. 10. Motor neuropathy and its related complications like diabetic foot ulcer were encountered commonly in IDDM group. 11. Insulin induced complications like Keloid, Lipoatrophy were common in IDDM population than in NIDDM group

Phytochemical Screening and Analysis of Antioxidant Activity from The Botanical Extract of The Plant Martynia Annua

Medicinal plants, enriched by nature with potent compounds, hold great promise in developing natural drugs with minimal side effects. This study focuses on Martynia annua, a plant species renowned for its medicinal potential. We aimed to identify and quantify phytochemicals in its leaf extracts and evaluate their in vitro antioxidant activity. Methanol, hexane, and water were used as solvents for extraction. Qualitative analysis revealed a range of pharmacologically active phytochemicals, including alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, proteins, amino acids, phenols, fixed oils, and terpenoids. Methanolic extract exhibited the highest diversity, with eight distinct compounds. Quantitative analysis showed that methanolic extract contained the most phenols (0.5 mg/g) and carbohydrates (12 mg/g), while hexane had the highest flavonoid content (319 mg/g), and aqueous extract displayed the most protein (53.57 mg/g). Antioxidant assays demonstrated the superior performance of methanolic extract, with maximum inhibitory percentages of 92.99% (DPPH), 94.28% (FRAP), 76.11% (ion chelating), and an IC50 value of 52.17 µg/ml, indicating its remarkable antioxidant potential. These findings underscore Martynia annua as a valuable source for phytochemicals with significant antioxidant properties, particularly in the methanolic leaf extract, holding promise for future therapeutic developments.

An Epidemiological Study of Visually Disabled Patients Less than 40 years of Age

AIM OF THE STUDY: Visual disability may be due to many possible causes, but it is catastrophe beyond compare. It adversely affects the quality of life and emotional well being of the individual and their families. This impairs the productivity of the country. The aim of this study is to assess the magnitude, causes, percentage/categories of visual disability and their rehabilitative measures available. MATERIALS & METHODS: Individuals who came to Thanjavur Medical College, Thanjavur for visual disability certificate from June 2013 to September 2014 were chosen as subjects in this study. This is a retrospective study done in 156 patients who satisfy the inclusion criteria. All patients were subjected to complete ocular examination including visual acuity, torch light examination, slit lamp examination, ophthalmoscopic examination, IOP measurement, gonioscopy, pachymetry and b-scan. RESULTS: In this study of 156 patients, 31.41% were in the age group of 31- 40 years, 63.46% were found to be males and 42.94% were having 100% visual disability. Retinitis pigmentosa found to be major cause of visual disability in this study group. CONCLUSION: Visual disability may be of varying degree and with the higher prevalence among men in the age group 31 – 40 years due to retinitis pigmentosa. Therefore, early intervention is imperative for rapid acceptance, better compliance with rehabilitation programmes and higher standard of living

A comparative clinical study between intra-caesarean and interval intra uterine copper device insertion in caesarean deliveries

Background: Health and family welfare of Indian Ministry, emphasis on postpartum IUCD insertion. Here we conducted a clinical study comparing intra-caesarean and interval CuT-380A insertion in caesarean deliveries.Methods: A systematic study with 150 patients in each group, recruited clients alternately. Group A Intra-Caesarean Cu-T insertion and Group B Interval Cu-T insertion in caesarean deliveries. Groups were followed up at 6th week and 6th month post insertion with a set of parameters. Missed strings, expulsion and infection rates were the primary outcome measures.Results: Infection rate is higher in Group A (2.3%) at 6th week, and at 6th month infection rate is higher in Group B (1.8%). Missed strings are higher in intra-caesarean than in interval insertion method both at 6th week and 6th month follow up p=0.000, hence significant. Expulsion rate is higher in Group A (2.5%) at 6th week, and at 6th month expulsion rate is higher in Group B (1.9%). There are no complications such as uterine perforation or contraceptive failures in both the groups during the study period. By analysis, there are no significant differences in infection and expulsion rates between the groups. For missed strings there is significant difference between the groups with more missed strings in intra-caesarean insertion method.Conclusions: To conclude, intra-caesarean method is equally effective as interval IUCD insertion method without added complications in caesarean deliveries, with advantage of high motivation, good compliance, safety and ease for the provider to deliver services.

Efficient Medical Image Compression Based on Wavelet Transform and Modified Gray Wolf Optimization

The use of medical images in diagnostic procedures is increasing, leadning to a significant rise in the memory and bandwidth requirements for preserving and transmitting these images. To address this issue, image compression techniques have garnered significant attention. These techniques are capable of reducing the data size necessary to represent an image, allowing for more efficient utilization of storage space and communication bandwidth by eliminating unnecessary information. Numerous research directions have focused on compressing medical images, but past approaches have been time-consuming and risked information loss. To trounce these limitations, this paper introduces an effiective method for reducing the size of medical images in telemedicine applications. The method utilizes Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) and sophisticated algorithm. Primarily, input images undergo pre-processing with a circular median filter to eliminate noise and improve image quality. Subsequently, the pre-processed images are divided into multiple sub bands using IWT.Then, these sub bands are furhter divided into n X n non-overlapping matrices, and optimal coefficients are chosen by employing a modified grey wolf optimizer algorithm. Finally, the selected coefficients are encoded using Huffman coding for transmission. During decompression, the reverse process of image compression is applied. The introduced method is tested on various medical images, and the findings demonstrate its superior performance compared to previous methods, generating visually similar images with a smaller data size

1′-Methyl-3′-(4-methyl­benzo­yl)-4′-[5-(2-thien­yl)-2-thien­yl]spiro­[acenaphthyl­ene-1,2′-pyrrolidin]-2(1H)-one

In the title compound, C32H25NO2S2, the mean plane through the five-membered pyrrolidine ring, which exhibits an envelope conformation, makes dihedral angles of 82.3 (1) and 83.9 (9)° with the benzene ring and the acenaphthyl­ene ring system, respectively. The dihedral angle between the thiophene rings is 19.0(3)°. The crystal structure shows C—H⋯π and π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.869 (2) Å]

3′-(4-Chloro­benzo­yl)-1′-methyl-4′-[5-(2-thien­yl)-2-thien­yl]spiro­[acenaphthyl­ene-1,2′-pyrrolidin]-2(1H)-one

In the title compound, C31H22ClNO2S2, the five-membered pyrrolidine ring, which exhibits an envelope conformation, makes a dihedral angle of 87.4 (2)° with the acenaphthyl­ene ring system. The crystal structure is stabilized by π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.869 (2) Å]. A C atom and the S atom of the thiophene ring are disordered over two positions with refined occupancies of 0.629 (7) and 0.372 (7)