Reversible Image Watermarking Using Modified Quadratic Difference Expansion and Hybrid Optimization Technique

With increasing copyright violation cases, watermarking of digital images is a very popular solution for securing online media content. Since some sensitive applications require image recovery after watermark extraction, reversible watermarking is widely preferred. This article introduces a Modified Quadratic Difference Expansion (MQDE) and fractal encryption-based reversible watermarking for securing the copyrights of images. First, fractal encryption is applied to watermarks using Tromino's L-shaped theorem to improve security. In addition, Cuckoo Search-Grey Wolf Optimization (CSGWO) is enforced on the cover image to optimize block allocation for inserting an encrypted watermark such that it greatly increases its invisibility. While the developed MQDE technique helps to improve coverage and visual quality, the novel data-driven distortion control unit ensures optimal performance. The suggested approach provides the highest level of protection when retrieving the secret image and original cover image without losing the essential information, apart from improving transparency and capacity without much tradeoff. The simulation results of this approach are superior to existing methods in terms of embedding capacity. With an average PSNR of 67 dB, the method shows good imperceptibility in comparison to other schemes

CYTOTOXICITY OF STEM EXTRACTS OF SELECTED CASSIA SPECIES AGAINST HELA AND BREAST CANCER CELL LINES IN VITRO

ABSTRACTObjective: The use of plants for medicinal remedies is an integral part of the Indian cultural life, and the traditional background of Indian medicineshows widespread use of plant products in cancer treatment. In this study, stem extracts of some selected Cassia species have been evaluated for theircytotoxic activities under in vitro conditions.Methods: The stems were shade dried at room temperature. The dried and coarsely powdered plant material were extracted with petroleum ether(60-80°C), chloroform, and ethanol using soxhlet apparatus. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide] assay.Results: Stem extracts of three Cassia species, viz., Cassia glauca, Cassia Obtusifolia, and Cassia sophera have been evaluated for their cytotoxic activitieswith chloroform, ethanol and pet ether against HeLa and breast cancer cell lines. Among the three different solvents used at different concentrations,the chloroform extracts of all Cassia species exhibited maximum cytotoxicity (%) against both cell lines. The CTC50 values are revealed the cytotoxicpotential of C. glauca chloroform extracts against HeLa cell line and breast cancer cell lines with CTC50 values 180.00±3.0 and 146.67±0.5, respectively.Chloroform extracts of C. Obtusifolia and C. sophera showed maximum activity against HeLa (380.00±1.1 and 800.00±1.7, respectively) and breastcancer cell lines (310.00±1.1 and 633.33±0.6).Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate the potent cytotoxic activity of chloroform extracts of stems of Cassia species against HeLa andBreast cancer cell lines.Keywords: Cassia, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, Cytotoxicity, HeLa, Breast cancer

Enhancement of Shelf-Life of Tomatoes Using Herbal Extracts

A study was taken up to enhance the shelf life of tomatoes by using Garlic (Allium sativam Linn) and Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rose) extracts at different concentrations viz, 1%, 5% and 10%. Tomatoes keeping quality was improved by spraying 10% garlic and ginger extracts, which reduced the spoilage, physiological loss and microbial load on the surface of the fruits. Among these, 10% garlic extract was more efficient in controlling spoilage microorganisms, enhancing shelf life and redicing physiological weight loss.   This study revealed the possibility of utilization of Garlic (Allium sativam Linn) and Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rose) extracts to enhance the keeping quality of tomatoes

Pharmaceutical analytical study of Hingwadi Taila

Hingwadi Taila is a Ayurvedic herbo mineral compound which is used mainly in the management of Kashtartava and Arthavajana. Hingwadi Taila contain drugs like Hingu, Kasisa, Saindhava, Kumari, Shunti, Tejapatra, Trikshara, Samudraphena, Haridra, Daruharidra and Sarshapa Taila. These drugs are very potent individually and possess Vedhana Sthapaka property. Our Acharyas has led down many pharmaceutical procedures through which many Dravyas can be taken in combination for better action and for easy assimilation to body. This Taila has got many Teekshna and Kshara Dravyas in it. Hence before administering internally, it has to be analyzed for its Organoleptic properties, acid value, Iodine value, moisture content w/w and saponification value. All the parameters are found to be good and within the standard parameters

Crop Security Model for Improvement in Agricultural Productivity Using Iot: Smart Farming

Most of the time in agriculture field, crops ravaged by local animals that leads to huge losses for the farmers. It’s very difficult for farmers to barricade entire fields and monitors continuously. Here the crop protection system model is developed for the farmers to prevent the crops from the animals. The model adopts the Arduino Uno based system and uses wired security that gives the shock to animals if they are approaching the field. The fire sensor is also used in the model to detect fire issues. In such situations, the microcontroller will turn ON the motor if there is a fire that interns intimate the farmers through mobile application. The temperature sensor and humidity sensors are also used in the model to provide the details of temperature and soil moisture of the field. The experimental values obtained by the model ensure complete safety of crops from animals and from fire thus protecting the farmer’s loss. In addition, mobile applications are also developed to provide the details of parameters such as temperature, moisture, water levels to farmers

A Study on Accuracy of Respiratory Cytology for Cancer Diagnosis.

Sputum Cytology Has Been The Traditional Focus For Teaching Respiratory Cytology For Many Years. However The Emphasis Has Been Altered By The Introduction Of Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy (Fob) And Fine Needle Aspiration22. Recent Developments In Sampling Techniques Have Changed The Practice Of Respiratory Tract Cytology, Although New Methods Have Not Completely Supplanted More Traditional Ones. Methods For Obtaining Cell Samples From The Respiratory Tract Include Sputum, Bronchial Brushing, Bronchial Washing, Bronchioalveolar Lavage, Transbronchial Needle Aspiration, Transthoracic Fine Needle Aspiration And Endoscopic Ultrasonography Guided Fine Needle Aspiration. Each Of These Methods Has Advantages And Limitations. Bronchial Brushings, Washing, Fine Needle Aspiration And Lavage Procedures Usually Yield Better Diagnostic Material Than Is Obtained By Simple Exfoliative Sampling22. Bronchial Washing Is Complementary To Brushing When An Endobronchial Lesion Is Observed And Superior To Brushing When The Lesion Is Beyond The Reach Of The Brush. It Is Also Helpful In The Diagnosis Of Peripheral Lung Lesions With Submucosal Or Peribronchial Tumour Spread18. Washings Are Sent As Part Of The Procedure And Are Routinely Processed And Add A Small Increment To Sensitivity, Mainly When Brush Or Biopsy Cannot Reach More Peripheral Tumours22. Bronchioalveolar Lavage Is Another Technique Particularly Useful When A Diffuse Infiltrate Is Seen On The X-Ray And An Opportunistic Infection Or Lymphangitic Spread Of Tumour Is Suspected. The Bronchioalveolar Lavage May Provide A Higher Yield Than Bronchial Washing For Diagnosis Of Peripheral Tumours, Particularly Adenocarcinoma And Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma. The Bronchoscopic Approach To The Diagnosis Of Tumours Of The Tracheobronchial Tree Is Guided Primarily By The Size And Location Of The Tumour. A Combination Of Cytologic Modalities Is Often Performed With Or Without Forceps Biopsy To Increase The Diagnostic Yield18. Central Bronchogenic Lesions May Present As An Exophytic Mass, A Submucosal Or Infiltration Lesion Or Extrinsic Bronchial Compression And Narrowing. The Use Of Fiberoptic Bronchoscopic Instruments And Simultaneous Recording Of The Findings On Videotape For Future Review Has Significantly Enlarged The Ability To Localise Early Lesions. Roughening And Redness Of The Bronchial Epithelium, Especially In The Areas Of Bronchial Spurs And In Areas Of Bronchial Subdivisions, May Signal An Important Lesion. Bronchial Brushing Of Such Areas For Cytologic Examination And Biopsies Of Even Tiny Lesions Are Now Technically Feasible And Have Been Successfully Implemented13. While Forceps Biopsy Is Suitable For Endobronchial Mass Lesions, Bronchial Brushing Allows Sampling Of A Larger Mucosal Area. If The Mucosa Appears Grossly Normal, However, Little Or No Information May Be Obtained18. Combined Study Of Cytology And Biopsy Material Enhances The Sensitivity Of Diagnosis Of Malignant Tumours And Their Specific Subtyping. The Combined Use Of Cytology And Biopsy Facilities Accurate Classification Of The Tumour Type, Since Cytologic Samples Often Provide Better Morphologic Preservation Of The Cells And Lower Likelihood Of Crushing Artifacts (Particularly In Small Cell Carcinoma), Whereas Histologic Samples Better Demonstrate Tissue Architecture And Provide More Material For Ancillary Techniques Such As Immuno Histochemistry. Thus, Even In The Presence Of An Endobronchial Lesion, Collection Of Cytologic Samples Is Recommended In Addition To Forceps Biopsy

Sphenoidal emissary foramen and its clinical consideration

Background:Sphenoidal emissary foramen is a small, variable and an inconstant foramen in middle cranial fossa which is located antero-medial to the foramen ovale. Emissary vein passing through it connects the pterygoid venous plexus with the cavernous sinus which has clinical significance because through an extra-cranial infection may reach to cavernous sinus. Aim of present study was to investigate the incidence and shape of sphenoidal emissary foramen, the number of present on one side and the presence of bony septum in it.Methods: Two hundred and fifty (right 250; left-250) dry Indian adult skulls of unknown age and sex were used for this study. Middle cranial fossa of each skull was macroscopically observed for the presence, absence of sphenoidal emissary foramen. Patency was confirmed by inserting a bristle through each probable foramen and only patent foramen were calculated.Results: We observed that sphenoidal emissary foramen was present in 72 (28.8%) skulls. Unilaterally it was present in 17.6% and bilaterally in 11.2% skulls.Conclusions: Incidence of this foramen is variable and therefore recognition of this anatomical structure is important. Knowledge of their variations will be helpful for neurosurgeons and radiologist.

Growth Response of Amaranthus gangeticus to Azotobacter chroococcum Isolated from Different Agroclimatic Zones of Karnataka

In the present study Azotobacter chroococcum was isolated from various agro climatic zones of Karnataka. The effect of A. chroococcum isolates on seed germination of Amaranthus.gangeticus was studied and also the effect of A.chroococcum isolates on growth, biomass and nutrient content of Amaranthus gangeticus was studied under green house conditions. In seed germination studies the length of plumule and radicle was higher with inoculation of A. chroococcum isolates than uninoculated control plants. Treatments of A.chroococcum isolates from ten different zones of Karnataka were given to seedlings of Amaranthus gangeticus to study plant growth parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, root length, shoot and root fresh and dry weight and nutrient uptake. Plants inoculated with Azotobacter isolates performed well when compared to uninoculated control plants. In Biochemical analysis chlorophyll content, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content was higher when compared to uninoculated control plants. The results of these experiments concluded that plants inoculated with Azotobacter isolates showed better growth response, biomass yield and nutrient content when compared with uninoculated control plants. Hence plants inoculated with A.chroococcum isolates were found to enhance the plant growth, biomass and nutrient content

Variant origin of the left vertebral artery from a vertebro-subclavian trunk associated with an unusual branch arising from the brachiocephalic trunk.

Variant origin of the left vertebral artery (LVA) from the arch of aorta is well documented in the literature. Involvement of complex sequential developmental steps in the aortic arch formation results in different patterns of origin of LVA. Morphological variations in the LVA are thought to alter the cerebral hemodynamics and can cause the cerebral dysfunction. Knowledge of the morphological variations of the LVA is useful while performing the head and neck and thoracic surgeries. We here report one of the extremely rare patterns of the LVA origin, in a male cadaver aged about 65 years. LVA and left subclavian artery (LSA) arose as a common vertebro-subclavian trunk from the convexity of the aortic arch. Further, brachiocephalic trunk (BT) gave an unusual artery from its anterior surface. This artery divided into thymic and tracheal branches. Variant origin of thymic branch may be crucial during imaging and thymectomy procedures