Historiographical Context of the Nayak Period

The linguistic, literary, political, social, and cultural contexts of that state greatly contribute to the need to know or write the history of a state from its rise to its fall. Historiography approached in these contexts is not only focused on the rulers but also on understanding the history of the people. This article examines how the linguistic, literary, political, social, and cultural contexts of the time contributed to the historiography of the Nayak period centred on this hypothesis. In this way, the language environment where Tamil and other languages are mixed, the literary environment about changes in literary forms as a result of contact with other languages, the political environment of the Nayaks who supported the Vijayanagar regime and then fell apart due to rivalries and struggles, the social environment about conflicts in society with inequalities and caste structures, and the cultural environment about customs as a result of neighbouring settlements are all intertwined

Crystal structure of 4-(dimethylamino)-pyridinium 4-aminobenzoate dihydrate

Acknowledgements The authors thank SAIF, IIT, Madras for thedata collection.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF VARIABLE INLET AREA RAMJET ENGINE

The usage of ramjet engine is very important in the missile and aircraft propulsion. When it is cruising at supersonic air velocity the flow characteristic of the ramjet engine produces a shock wave. This formation of shock wave will raise the pressure of the upstream airflow in front of the inlet cone. This pressure rise with reduced air speed is suitable for the subsonic combustion of the ramjet engine. The cone will help to change the area of the ramjet engine inlet and mass flow rate of the incoming pressure raised air. The change in mass flow rate of the inlet leads to the variation in thrust production. This engine is integrated with a convergent-divergent nozzle to produce supersonic velocity at the nozzle exit. This variation in thrust production is to be studied in detail. In this project, the variable inlet area ramjet engine design and model is investigated. In order to predict the thrust value for variable inlet area ramjet engine by using commercial numerical codes. The increment of thrust value will be expected by using the variable inlet area ramjet engine, which means it attains more thrust

A Study to evaluate the effectiveness of foot relexology on blood pressure among patients with hypertention at selected hospital, Erode

The study was conducted in selected Hospitals, Erode. The populations of the study were selected from Bewell hospital And Erode Emergency Care Hospital Erode. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the patient. There were 60 patients selected for the study with the predetermined criteria for inclusion. The present study was aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of foot reflexology on blood pressure among patients with hypertension. OBJECTIVES: 1. To assess the blood pressure among patients with hypertension admitted at selected Hospitals, Erode. 2. To evaluate the effectiveness of foot reflexology on blood pressure among patients with hypertension admitted at selected Hospitals, Erode. 3. To associate the blood pressure among patients with hypertension with their selected socio demographic and clinical variables admitted at selected Hospital, Erode. HYPOTHESES: H1 : There is a significant difference between the mean pre-test and post test blood pressure in experimental group among patients with hypertension admitted at selected hospitals, Erode. H2 : There is a significant difference between post test blood pressure in experimental and control group patients with hypertension admitted at selected Hospitals, Erode. H3 : There is a significant association between blood pressure among patients with hypertension with their selected socio demographic and clinical variables admitted at selected Hospitals, Erode. ASSUMPTION: Therapeutic application of foot reflexology may decrease elevated blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Hypertension may interferes with the activity of daily living. The conceptual framework for this study was based on Wiedenbach’s Helping Art of Clinical Nursing Theory. This theory directs action towards the explicit goal, and the goal here is reduced the blood pressure among patients with hypertension.A true experimental study was used in the study. The independent variable was foot reflexology and dependent variable was blood pressure. This study was conducted at Bewell Hospital and Erode Emergency Care Hospital, Erode. The accessible hypertensive patients admitted in nephrology ward at Bewell Hospital, Erode. The study subjects were selected using the simple random sampling technique and were assigned to experiment group and control group (30 in each group). The data collection tools used were 1. Socio demographic variable, 2. Clinical Variable, 3. Standardized Blood pressure chart. The content validity of the tool was established with the help of 5 experts. Pilot study was conducted on 10 subjects to find out the feasibility of the study and it did not show any major flaw in the design of the study. After pilot study, reliability of the tool of the blood pressure rating scale was assessed by using split half method. Correlation coefficients are 0.81 and 0.85. These coefficients are very high and it is good tool for assessing the effectiveness of foot Reflexology among hypertensive patient. The main study was conducted and the data obtained were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of the study showed that there was a very high significant difference between the post test score of blood pressure in foot reflexology treated group and non treated group. The significant difference of blood pressure level between the experimental and control group. (t = 4.34, P < 0.001 which is very high). CONCLUSION: The statistical evidence proved that the foot reflexology had reduced the blood pressure among patients with hypertension who were admitted selected hospital, Erode. When compared with the control group. Hence the researcher concluded that foot reflexology is effective intervention to reduce the blood pressure among patients with hypertension in other settings

Removal of Phosphorous in Waste Water using Natural Coagulants

This study aims to explore the feasibility of employing natural coagulants like Cassia alata, Calotropis procera, Hyacinth bean, Banana leaves, Carica Papaya, Acacia mearnsii, Jatropha curcas cactus, tamarind seeds, and watermelon seeds for reducing the content of red phosphorus in industrial wastewater. A series of batch coagulation tests were performed to determine the optimal dosage of coagulants for the purpose of eliminating red phosphorus from the wastewater. The efficacy of each chosen coagulant in removing red phosphorus was depicted graphically. Among the various coagulants evaluated, Hyacinth bean exhibited the highest efficacy in reducing red phosphorus content (75%), surpassing the performance of casuarina leaves and banana leaves. On the other hand, tamarind seeds demonstrated the least effective removal of red phosphorus from the wastewater, achieving a removal rate of 56%. Notably, Hyacinth bean stands out as a potential coagulant for effective removal of red phosphorus, offering promising results akin to its capability in aiding blood clot clearance. By maintaining a pH level of 8 and employing a coagulant dosage of 20 ml, alongside initial and final red phosphorus concentrations of 4372.5 mg/lit and 1072.5 mg/lit respectively, with mixing and settling times of 30 and 45 minutes, the study achieved a significant percentage of red phosphorus removal efficiency

3-(2-Meth­oxy­naphthalen-1-yl)-2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C19H14O3, contains two crystallographically independent mol­ecules in which the dihedral angles between the naphthalene and benzofuran ring systems are 76.49 (7) and 86.17 (7)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter­actions into chains running parallel to the a axis. In addition, the crystal packing is stabilized by C—H⋯π inter­actions

Complex Distal Femur Fracture With Multiligament Knee Instability

Distal femoral fractures are usually high-energy injuries in the young age group. It is likely to be accompanied by ligamentous injury that often goes unnoticed, are missed because of severe pain and deformity. Incidences of 32% to 48% have been reported for ligament injuries among individuals with ipsilateral femoral fractures. The purpose of this case report is to highlight the importance of ipsilateral knee injuries associated with femoral shaft fracture

Potential of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Preventive Management of Novel H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu) Pandemic: Thwarting Potential Disasters in the Bud

The emergence of novel H1N1 has posed a situation that warrants urgent global attention. Though antiviral drugs are available in mainstream medicine for treating symptoms of swine flu, currently there is no preventive medicine available. Even when available, they would be in short supply and ineffective in a pandemic situation, for treating the masses worldwide. Besides the development of drug resistance, emergence of mutant strains of the virus, emergence of a more virulent strain, prohibitive costs of available drugs, time lag between vaccine developments, and mass casualties would pose difficult problems. In view of this, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) offers a plethora of interesting preventive possibilities in patients. Herbs exhibit a diverse array of biological activities and can be effectively harnessed for managing pandemic flu. Potentially active herbs can serve as effective anti influenza agents. The role of CAM for managing novel H1N1 flu and the mode of action of these botanicals is presented here in an evidence-based approach that can be followed to establish their potential use in the management of influenza pandemics. The complementary and alternative medicine approach deliberated in the paper should also be useful in treating the patients with serious influenza in non pandemic situations

(4-Methyl­phen­yl)[2-(thio­phen-2-ylcarbon­yl)phen­yl]methanone

The crystal studied of the title compound, C19H14O2S, was an inversion twin with a 0.7 (1):0.3 (1) domain ratio. The central benzene ring makes dihedral angles of 63.31 (9) and 60.86 (9)°, respectively, with the 4-methyl­phenyl and thio­phene rings. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and S⋯π [3.609 (3) Å] inter­actions

Texture and mineralogy of beach sediments of Chavara and Manavalakurichi, South India - A comparative analysis

203-211Chavara and Manavalakurichi are the two important areas with heavy mineral deposits in India. Surface samples were collected from five locations, each from Chavara and Manavalakurichi, and were analyzed for their textural parameters and mineralogy. Sediments from both regions are characteristically fine and medium sand. Chavara (CH) sands are moderately well sorted, whereas Manavalakurichi (MK) sands are moderately sorted to moderately well sorted sediments. Linear discriminate functions (LDF) calculated using the textural parameters show deposition environments of aeolian and shallow marine. Ilmenite predominantly exists along with other heavy minerals such as zircon, sillimanite, rutile, monazite, leucoxene, and garnet. The heavy minerals show an increasing trend towards, but its grain size becomes finer and well sorted. The berm and upper foreshore regions shows high concentration of heavy minerals