Bedrock Geology of the Adirondack Region

Precambrian rocks of Adirondack Region were part of a global system of mountains whose formation approximately one billion years ago led to the assembly of a supercontinent called Rodinia. In New York State, the eroded remnants of these enormous mountains extend beneath the Paleozoic cover rocks on the edge of the Adirondack topographic dome to form the basement rocks of New York State and connect, through exposures in the Thousand Islands Region, to the bulk of the contiguous Grenville Province of the Canadian Shield. Similar rocks are exposed in basement windows along the spine of the much younger Appalachian Mountains and can be traced into Mexico and beyond. Like other areas in the Grenville Province, the High Peaks region of New York is underlain by a large intrusive body of massif anorthosite, a rock composed of exceptionally large crystals of plagioclase feldspar. Rocks in the Adirondacks range in age from approximately 1350 to 1000 million years old and record as many as three or four tectonic events which were part of the Grenville Orogenic Cycle. The net results of these events were high-grade metamorphism, strong deformation, and the widespread overprinting of original relationships and primary textural features. Younger Paleozoic rocks include Cambrian and Ordovician sandstones, limestones, and shales deposited on the eroded metamorphic and igneous basement. These sedimentary rocks are found in fault-bounded outliers within the Adirondack massif and around the Adirondack margins. The current topography of the Adirondacks is related to doming which began about 180 million years ago, when the Atlantic Ocean opened; although the reason(s) for this doming remain to be fully elucidated. Doming has stripped away the younger Paleozoic rocks and exposed the roots of the mountains, which at one time were deformed and metamorphosed deep in the crust

Racial-Ethnic Disparities in Prediabetes and Diabetes Among US Adults

Type-2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease affecting more than3 4 million Americans or 10.5% of the population [1]. While almost 90% of people are not aware of their prediabetes status, around 88 million adults are considered to be prediabetic [2]. Without any prevention methods, 70% of prediabetes cases will eventually develop into diabetes[3]. While the development of type-2 diabetes is multifactorial, lifestyle factors such as diet and physical activity as well as socioeconomic (SES) factors such as poverty and education can be main contributors [4]. This study aimed to assess racial-ethnic differences in SES, lifestyle factors and prevalence of prediabetes and type-2 diabetes

NOAA rockfish recovery management and research in the Salish Sea, Washington

Rockfish are a long-lived species group that provide an important function for the food web dynamics in the Salish Sea, as both a mid-level trophic predator and important prey source, and they hold cultural significance to the region. Rockfish are comprised of over 25 different species locally, and over 60 species from California to Alaska. Many species experienced declines since the 1980’s, and two species are listed in the Salish Sea under ESA as threatened (yelloweye) or endangered (Bocaccio). Different species occupy a range of habitat types, from deep-water rock piles and hard bottom substrate, to nearshore kelp forests and eelgrass beds. As individuals grow their habitat associations change, such that protection and conservation efforts require a broad understanding of individual species and life history needs. State and federal agencies have conducted monitoring surveys for decades, and recovery efforts are currently being developed to improve habitats and resources for rockfish. A majority of research has focused on sub-adult and adult rockfish, but recent efforts study the distribution, settlement, and habitat use of young-of-the-year (YOY) and juvenile rockfish. Due to the paucity of government resources, the contributions of citizen scientists are expected to play a valuable role. Our session will include a review of survey methods and techniques that target a suite of rockfish species, habitats, and life history stages. The objective is to bring together researchers from the US and Canada in an effort to connect resources and discuss opportunities for collaborative projects for recovery of these iconic species. Topics include methods and challenges to surveying benthic and midwater rockfish species, YOY volunteer monitoring and data analysis, kelp habitat recovery, and policy and management

The Founding of The University of Melbourne, 1852-1855

In part this paper is about ideas, especially those held by some men in nineteenth-century Melbourne who set about establishing a university. They had carried a set of ideas about what a university should be with them as they journeyed across the world, some of them in search of a promised land. They found that turning these ideas into reality was complex and disappointing, but their struggle sheds light on the social, political, and educational life of Antipodean society

Preliminary Remediation Success of a Forage Fish Spawning Beach at Custom Plywood in Fidalgo Bay, Anacortes, WA

Hart Crowser is working with the Washington Department of Ecology, Toxic Cleanup Program to remediate a forage fish spawning beach at Custom Plywood, a Model Toxic Control Act (MTCA) clean-up site in Fidalgo Bay, Anacortes, Washington. Contaminated sediments, creosote-treated pilings, and building debris were removed during the summer of 2013 and replaced with new beach material to restore forage fish spawning areas lost to industrial use and contamination. Sampling for forage fish eggs began with demolition/construction in July 2013 and will continue through 2014. Sampling occurred once weekly during construction, once monthly from November through February, and will continue twice monthly from March through September. Long-term monitoring will continue through summer 2016, and is proposed through 2018. Four sites were established along the remediated beach, with a fifth site outside of the work area as a control. Sampling design was meant to capture pre-, during, and post-construction conditions. Construction of the beach was completed in December 2013. Surf smelt were found to spawn frequently and in great abundance from the summer of 2013 through late October. Eggs were found at some locations in November as well, but were less abundant, which is common spawning behavior for surf smelt in central and north Puget Sound. Sand lance eggs (winter spawners) have not yet been found, but have been documented in other areas of Fidalgo Bay. Surf smelt egg conditions during the summer were poor, with low survival along the impacted area of the shoreline. The control site outside of the work area contained eggs in better condition, and healthy egg development was tracked from week to week during the summer. After new beach material was deposited, surf smelt eggs have been found in excellent condition along the full extent of the shore, with full development over a two-week period at all sites, including a few larval fish found on the shore in September

A comparative ethnographic study of students' experiences and perceptions of language ideologies in bilingual Welsh/English education: Inclusive policy and exclusionary practice

This study investigates the interplay of linguistic practices, linguistic representations, language ideologies and social inclusion between students in three related research sites in south west Wales;a designated English medium school,a designated Bilingual school and a Youth Club,as a point of contact between students from both schools. It identifies how students experience and interpret the language ideological content of their education. The following questions underpin the current research: 1. How are the institutional arrangements within this community(or locality)understood by the students? Do school students see themselves operating within language ideological structures?!Do students resist or affirm school based ideologies and school based practice? 2. How do students understand, interpret and live out what language policy and planning documents in Wales refer to as ‘true bilingualism’? Is ‘choice’ experienced as such at institutional, individual and community levels? 3. Is the Welsh language accounted to be an obstacle to social integration for young people within the ‘community’ and into the school environment, or a positive resource? Ethnographic research as been carried out in both schools and at the Youth Club,with three principle methods characterising this research; ethnographic observational fieldwork, ethnographic chats, and audio recordings of spontaneous interaction. vi This study sets out to investigate how the young people at two contrasting (and ideologically polarised) secondary schools in an ‘community’ traditionally thought of as a heartland area understand and orient to the language ideological content of their education. In the school based data language choice results in boundaries being put up around language and language users, both inter school and intra school, with students forming language hierarchies, positioning themselves and others as more or less Welsh, English or bilingual, ‘better’ or ‘worse’ at speaking Welsh and/or English, and more or less authentically Welsh. Schools serve to reinforce and reproduce social divisions, leading to issues of social exclusion. Contrastingly,the Youth Club data highlights that,when freed from the ideological constraints of the school, the young people reflect, sometimes critically, on their school based practice and school based ideologies. This study adds to our knowledge about Welsh medium/bilingual education in Wales; it helps us better understand ‘multilingual’Wales

Comparison of Three Drug Combinations for Raccoon Immobilization

Raccoons (Proycon lotor) are regularly handled for damage management and research objectives. Safe handling of these animals in the field requires drug combinations that provide effective and predictable results with high safety margins for both the animal and personnel handling the animal, but also have a low probability of abuse. United States Drug Enforcement Administration scheduling relates to the probability of a drug being abused; class I drugs are associated with the greatest potential for abuse. We compared three drug combinations: butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (BAM; class IV), nalbuphine-azaperone-medetomidine (NAM; unscheduled), and ketamine-xylazine (KX; class III). Through a dose titration process, we identified optimal drug dosages of 0.016 ml/kg for BAM, 0.018 ml/kg for NAM, and 0.096 ml/kg for KX. The induction time was similar for all drugs. Only with KX were raccoons able to recover unaided by reversal drugs. After giving reversals, recovery times for BAM and NAM were relatively quick (average \u3c 7 minutes). Based on blood oxygen saturation levels and respiratory rate, oxygen was administered to 72%, 71%, and 21% of the raccoons immobilized with BAM, NAM, and KX, respectively. Breathing was cyclic in raccoons immobilized with BAM and NAM, and some raccoons were given reversal agents prior to completing a workup due to low respiratory rate or low oxygen saturation levels. Raccoons immobilized with KX were observed with a more regular breathing pattern. Based on our results, it is highly recommended that both oxygen and associated reversals be available when using BAM or NAM to immobilize raccoons