Aproximación al derecho islámico y su regulación del velo

El Derecho islámico o 'Sharia' es el sistema jurídico por el que se rige la comunidad de fieles musulmanes. Sus orígenes se sitúan en el siglo VI, fecha en que nace el Islam. Sus fuentes son el Corán (libro sagrado que contiene el mensaje divino), la Sunna (conjunto de relatos acerca de comentarios y comportamientos del Profeta Mahoma) y el fik (jurisprudencia generada a partir de las otras dos fuentes). Resulta erróneo identificar este Derecho religioso con los sistemas jurídicos de los países musulmanes. Uno de los objetivos de los movimientos islamistas es la vuelta a la 'Sharia' pero adaptada al momento histórico actual. Debido a su naturaleza personals, los preceptos de la 'Sharia' pueden entrar en conflicto con los de los ordenamientos territoriales, tal como ha sucedido en relación al uso del velo islámico. A éste se refiere el Derecho islámico en diversos apartados pero lo hace de modo ambiguo, sin afirmar con claridad su carácter obligatorio. ------ Islamic Law os 'Sharia' is the legal system by which the community of Muslim faithful is ruled. Its origins date back to the 6th century, when Islam is born. Its sources are the Coran (sacred book that contains the divine message), the Sunna (reports on the sayings and conduct of Muhammad) and the fik (group of laws created by the interpretation of the aforementioned ones). It is erroneous to identify this religious Law and the legal systems of the Muslim countries. One of the objectives of the Islamist movements is to return to the 'Sharia', but adapted to the present historical moment. Because of its personal nature, the 'Sharia' precepts might come into conflict with the ones on the territorial legal systems, just as it has happened in relation to Muslim veil. To this one refers the 'Sharia' in different sections, but it does it ambiguously, without affirm clearly its obligatory character

Twistable electronics with dynamically rotatable heterostructures

The electronic properties of two-dimensional materials and their heterostructures can be dramatically altered by varying the relative angle between the layers. This makes it theoretically possible to realize a new class of twistable electronics in which device properties can be manipulated on-demand by simply rotating the structure. Here, we demonstrate a new device architecture in which a layered heterostructure can be dynamically twisted, in situ. We study graphene encapsulated by boron nitride where at small rotation angles the device characteristics are dominated by coupling to a large wavelength Moir\'e superlattice. The ability to investigate arbitrary rotation angle in a single device reveals new features in the optical, mechanical and electronic response in this system. Our results establish the capability to fabricate twistable electronic devices with dynamically tunable properties

Perempuan Pekerja Kebun Sawit di Desa Bukit Agung Kecamatan Kerinci Kanan Kabupaten Siak

This research was conducted in Bukit Agung Village, Kerinci Kanan District, Siak Regency with the problems that are (1) How is the contribution of women plantation workers to the family economy? (2) How the pattern of decision making in the household of the oil palm plantation worker? The purpose of this research is to know the contribution of women plantation workers to the family economy and to know the pattern of decision making in the household of oil palm plantation workers. This research is a quantitative research. The sampling technique used in this study is by using the census method, with the number of respondents 40 people. To collect data, researchers used questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. Data obtained from the results of this study were analyzed by using a descriptive quantitative method. The results showed that the contribution of the average income contribution given by female seeds cites of 43.20%, this shows the contribution of women seed quotations in the medium category. Time outpouring for public activities is still not maximized because the activity is aimed only for side jobs and female oil palm seed quoting still focuses on its role in the domestic realm. Decision making in the family at most is the decision-making based on husband and wife equivalent, this proves in decision making husband and wife work together in making decisions in the family

High quality electrostatically defined hall bars in monolayer graphene

Realizing graphene's promise as an atomically thin and tunable platform for fundamental studies and future applications in quantum transport requires the ability to electrostatically define the geometry of the structure and control the carrier concentration, without compromising the quality of the system. Here, we demonstrate the working principle of a new generation of high quality gate defined graphene samples, where the challenge of doing so in a gapless semiconductor is overcome by using the $\nu=0$ insulating state, which emerges at modest applied magnetic fields. In order to verify that the quality of our devices is not compromised by the presence of multiple gates we compare the electronic transport response of different sample geometries, paying close attention to fragile quantum states, such as the fractional quantum Hall (FQH) states, that are highly susceptible to disorder. The ability to define local depletion regions without compromising device quality establishes a new approach towards structuring graphene-based quantum transport devices

Uncertainties Generated during the Brexit Process among Highly Qualified Spanish Workers

This article analyses the influence of Brexit on the decision of Spanish workers in the UK to remain or return to Spain. With this aim, we conducted a qualitative research study based on 38 in-depth interviews with Spanish migrants living in the UK just a few months before the country’s actual exit from the EU. We find that, despite the persistent idea of returning to their country of origin, there are social and economic factors that “anchor” these migrants to remain in the UK. However, the Brexit process has acted as a catalyst, “de-anchoring” and breaking down identification with the destination country. This study finds that the settlement of Spanish workers’ in the UK is not only conditioned by personal factors but that new social, economic and political events in the host country play an important part in this process

Influencer advertising on TikTok: advert formats and illicit product advertising. A study involving Germany, France, Spain and Italy

Advertising by influencers on YouTube and Instagram has become a common practice, which includes the incorporation of advertising into their audio-visual productions as well. This study is being conducted to determine whether TikTok users from Germany, France, Spain, and Italy are using the social network to advertise products and services, and whether they are promoting products that are banned by TikTok. Using content analysis, 320 videos from 16 European tiktokers in Germany, France, Spain and Italy have been studied based on gender and nationality. The tiktokers ranged between 17 and 21 years of age with more than one million followers. The results confirm that tiktokers maintain a balance between the content they post and the advertising they insert. Both genders include a similar percentage of advertising and, based on nationality, French and Spanish tiktokers are the ones who use the most advertising in their work. Product placement is the most popular format for tiktokers of both genders in France, Spain and Germany, whereas branded content is preferred by Italian male tiktokers. None of the tiktokers of the four nationalities have violated the rules imposed by TikTok, as they have refrained from publishing illicit or dangerous products, either because of measures being taken by the social network itself to limit the exposure to these types of products, or as the result of self-regulation by the tiktokers in order to avoid being removed from the social network.La inserción de contenidos publicitarios se ha convertido en una práctica habitual en las redes sociales de los influencers en YouTube e Instagram y comprende la incorporación de formatos publicitarios en sus producciones audiovisuales. Para averiguar si está ocurriendo lo mismo en TikTok, se analiza si los tiktokers de Alemania, Francia, España e Italia están utilizando esta red social para promocionar productos y servicios, y si en ellos incluyen publicidad de productos prohibidos por la red social. Mediante una metodología de análisis de contenido, se estudian 320 vídeos de 16 tiktokers europeos (Alemania, Francia, España e Italia) de entre 17 y 21 años con más de un millón de seguidores, a tenor de su sexo y nacionalidad. Los resultados confirman que los tiktokers mantienen un equilibrio entre los contenidos que publican y la publicidad que insertan. Los dos sexos incorporan similar porcentaje de publicidad, y por nacionalidad son los franceses y españoles los que más formatos publicitarios incorporan. El product placement es la fórmula preferida por titkokers de ambos géneros franceses, españoles y alemanes, y el branded content, por los tiktokers masculinos italianos. Ningún tiktoker de las cuatro nacionalidades infringe las directrices impuestas por TikTok publicando productos ilícitos o peligrosos, ya sea por las medidas tomadas por esta red social para limitar la exposición de este tipo de productos o por la autorregulación de los tiktokers para no ser expulsados de la red social

Competing Fractional Quantum Hall and Electron Solid Phases in Graphene

We report experimental observation of the reentrant integer quantum Hall effect in graphene, appearing in the N$=$2 Landau level. Similar to high-mobility GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures, the effect is due to a competition between incompressible fractional quantum Hall states, and electron solid phases. The tunability of graphene allows us to measure the $B$-$T$ phase diagram of the electron-solid phase. The hierarchy of reentrant states suggest spin and valley degrees of freedom play a role in determining the ground state energy. We find that the melting temperature scales with magnetic field, and construct a phase diagram of the electron liquid-solid transition

EXPROPRIATIONS. Literary Confidences between Life and Death

This paper proposes the delimitation of a literary territory, or of certain speech acts as a form of expression specifically dissociated from religious and philosophical discourses, and the corresponding adaptation of such acts to the small and big screens. Expropriations, or confidences by characters on the verge of death, are used as a trope to convey this specific idea. They refer to a kind of speech that no longer bears the weight of worldly events, but that does not attempt to ignore the consequences of having been in the world. With this reconceptualization of the term, this article seeks to identify an ethics of the human intensity in three specific sequences: two stories for cinema and television –Visconti’s The Leopard, and the final episode of Brideshead Revisited– and André Gide’s “literary testament,” Et nunc manet in te.Este ensayo propone acotar un terreno literario, o ciertos actos de habla como forma de expresión específicamente deslindada de lo religioso y lo filosófico, y su correspondiente adaptación en términos visuales a la pequeña y gran pantalla. La expropiación, o confidencia de personajes a las puertas de la muerte, sería el tropo que puede transmitir esa especificidad. Se trata de un tipo de discurso que ya no soporta el peso de los hechos, pero que no trata de eludir las consecuencias de haber estado en el mundo. Con esta reconceptualización del término, el texto busca identificar una ética de la intensidad humana en tres secuencias específicas: dos relatos para el cine y la televisión –El Gatopardo, de Visconti, y el capítulo final de Retorno a Brideshead–, y el “testamento literario” de André Gide, Et nunc manet in te

Cytoplasmic- and extracellular-proteome analysis of Diplodia seriata: a phytopathogenic fungus involved in grapevine decline

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The phytopathogenic fungus <it>Diplodia seriata</it>, whose genome remains unsequenced, produces severe infections in fruit trees (fruit blight) and grapevines. In this crop is recognized as one of the most prominent pathogens involved in grapevine trunk disease (or grapevine decline). This pathology can result in the death of adult plants and therefore it produces severe economical losses all around the world. To date no genes or proteins have been characterized in <it>D. seriata </it>that are involved in the pathogenicity process. In an effort to help identify potential gene products associated with pathogenicity and to gain a better understanding of the biology of <it>D. seriata</it>, we initiated a proteome-level study of the fungal mycelia and secretome.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Intracellular and secreted proteins from <it>D. seriata </it>collected from liquid cultures were separated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. About 550 cytoplasmic proteins were reproducibly present in 3 independent extractions, being 53 identified by peptide mass fingerprinting and tandem mass spectrometry. The secretome analysis showed 75 secreted proteins reproducibly present in 3 biological replicates, being 16 identified. Several of the proteins had been previously identified as virulence factors in other fungal strains, although their contribution to pathogenicity in <it>D. seriata </it>remained to be analyzed. When <it>D. seriata </it>was grown in a medium supplemented with carboxymethylcellulose, 3 proteins were up-regulated and 30 down-regulated. Within the up-regulated proteins, two were identified as alcohol dehydrogenase and mitochondrial peroxyrredoxin-1, suggesting that they could play a significant role in the pathogenicity process. As for the 30 down-regulated proteins, 9 were identified being several of them involved in carbohydrate metabolism.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study is the first report on proteomics on <it>D. seriata</it>. The proteomic data obtained will be important to understand the pathogenicity process. In fact, several of the identified proteins have been reported as pathogenicity factors in other phytopathogenic fungi. Moreover, this proteomic analysis supposes a useful basis for deepening into <it>D. seriata </it>knowledge and will contribute to the development of the molecular biology of this fungal strain as it has been demonstrated by cloning the gene <it>Prx</it>1 encoding mitochondrial peroxiredoxin-1 of <it>D. seriata </it>(the first gene to be cloned in this microorganism; data not shown).</p