A Novel estimation and Correction of Channel errors in LTE SYSTEMS

The increase in the number of RF devices and the requirement for large data rates places major role in increasing demand on bandwidth. This necessitates the need for RF communication systems with increased throughput and capacity. MIMO-OFDM is one way to meet this basic requirement. OFDM is used in many (WCD) wireless communication devices and offers high spectral efficiency and resilience to multipath channel effects. Though OFDM is very sensitive to synchronization errors, it makes the task of channel equalization simple. MIMO utilize the multiple antennas to increase throughput without increasing transmitter power or bandwidth. This project presents an introduction to the (MPC) multipath fading channel and describes an appropriate channel model. Many modulation schemes are presented (i.e. BPSK, QPSK, QAM) that are often used in Conjunction with OFDM. Mathematical modeling and analysis of OFDM are given along with a discrete implementation common to modern RF communication systems. Synchronization errors are modeled mathematically and simulated, as well as techniques to estimate and correct those errors at the receiver accurately

Status of IPM in Indian Agriculture: A Need for Better Adoption

Insect pests are well recognized as one of the major limiting factors in enhancing and sustaining agricultural production in India. Recent improvements from research brought considerable change in the cropping systems and allowed farmers to grow several crops throughout the year, which were very seasonal in the past. This also brought significant shift in the insect population dynamics and change in the status of several insect pests. Recent interactions with the farming communities revealed that 93% of the farmers in India had adopted chemical control, 51% farmers get their plant protection advice from dealers, while 22% from extension officials and majority of the farmers (73%) initiate the plant protection based on the first appearance of the pest, irrespective of their population, crop stage, and their damage relationships. The cost of plant protection on various crops ranged from 7 to 40% of the total crop production cost. Though integrated pest management (IPM) has been advocated for the past two decades, only 3.2% of the farmers adopted IPM practices in various crops. IPM research in the past decade brought out changes in the farmers’ attitude in pest management, which resulted 20100% reduction in pesticide use in different crops. The recent farmer participatory approach working in a consortium mode proved very effective in the exchange of technology. Though the results are encouraging, there is a need to further strengthen the IPM adoption in Indian agriculture through increased investments in both basic as well as applied research in plant protection to overcome the prevailing three evil “Rs” (Resistance, Resurgence, and Residues). To be more effective, readdressing the policies for encouraging eco-friendly options and strengthening extension, involving farmers should be considered as high priority

Can Agronomy provide potential eco- friendly pest management options groundnut: a case study

Agronomic practices in agriculture have wellestablished history about their role in insect-pest management. There have been several case studies documenting their positive role as pest reducers, During this process the importance of improved technology including, chemical fertilizers, hybrids, plant protection chemicals has been well established. The results from this phase were excellent and several countries have achieved self-sufficiency in food grains incl4ding India. Though this approach brought stability in food production across the world, several disadvantages such as residues in food chain, secondary pest out breaks, loss in bio- diversity followed by increased cost of inputs with eroded profits (Rao and Rao, 2010) were encountered. Considering the present situation to put agriculture back in to a profitable platform, one has to look into potential alternatives to improve and stabilize the productivity and to sustain the agro"ecosystem..

On the occurrence of buckler crab Cryptopodia angulata in the coastal waters of India

464-467The trend of marine non-indigenous species in India has been increasing, with more than half of the species probably being introduced by shipping. A live specimen of buckler crab Cryptopodia angulata was found along the west coast of India at 40 m depth. The recent new records at different Indian coastal locations suggest that the crab is widening its distribution. Shipping is thought to be the possible introduction vector (via ballast) for the spread of C. angulata in the coastal waters of India. Further, the favorable environmental conditions prevalent in the Indian coastal waters may facilitate the establishment and subsequent spread of C. angulata. The invasion of this buckler crab may have negative impact on the native species. Although not present in detectable numbers, C. angulata may pose a major threat to the native species, if it establishes. Information on the establishment and distribution of C. angulata from other locations along the Indian coast would be essential to comprehensively and effectively address the threat

Callosbruchus maculatus Resistance in Some Wild Relatives and Interspecific Derivatives of Pigeonpea

The present study of Screening of some wild relatives of pigeonpea against bruchid revealed that amongst the 4 Cajanus species, comprising of seven accessions, bruchid damage ranged between 14 and 30%, compared to 78% in the commercially cultivated pigeonpea variety ICPL 85010. Wild species Cajanus scarabaeoides accession ICPW 130 and C. platycarpus accession ICPW 66 had lowest damage (14% and 16% respectively). The larval/pupal period was prolonged in wild accessions (42 – 55days) compared to 33 days on the susceptible control ICPL 85010 indicating the antibiosis mechanism of resistance in the wild species. Though there was high oviposition on the seeds of interspecific derivative of C. platycarpus A 4-10-7-19, it had the least damage (10%). In the rest of the derivatives the damage rating ranged between 10 and 55% compared to 80% damage in the susceptible control, reflecting the potential of utilizing these wild species derivatives in pigeonpea crop improvement to overcome the Bruchid damage

Relative toxicity of neem to natural enemies associated with the chickpea ecosystem: a case study

Neem products are often perceived as harmless to natural enemies, pollinators and other non-target organisms. For this reason, several integrated pest management (IPM) programmes have adopted neem as one of the prime components. This study revealed toxic effects of neem on soil-inhabiting and aerial natural enemies in chickpea to an extent of 41 and 29% population reduction, respectively, compared with 63 and 51% when using a conventional insecticide (endosulfan). Neem also affected the parasitization of Helicoverpa armigera (Hu¨ bner) larvae by Campoletis chlorideae Uchida up to 20%. The natural enemy population started building up from the vegetative phase and reached their peak during the reproductive phase, and there was a gradual decline from pod formation to pre-harvest phases of the crop. Adapting the currently used IPM system in chickpea using neem during the vegetative phase, followed by an application of Helicoverpa nuclear polyhedrosis virus (HNPV) at flowering and need-based application(s) of chitin inhibitors like novaluron or flufenoxuron instead of endosulfan during pod formation would strongly augment natural enemy populations. This paper discusses the relative toxicity of neem and other IPM components on soil-inhabiting and aerial natural enemies in the chickpea ecosystem

Hydrodynamic Processes and Inlet Dynamics of Chilka, A Tropical Lagoon on East Coast of India

Source: ICHE Conference Archive - https://mdi-de.baw.de/icheArchiv

Status of Insecticide Resistance in Spodoptera litura in Andhra Pradesh, India

Twenty-two strains of the tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), collected from groundnut crops of eight locations in Andhra Pradesh, India, between 1991 and 1996 were assayed in the F1 generation for resistance to commonly used insecticides. Resistance levels ranged as follows: cypermethrin, 0·2- to 197-fold; fenvalerate, 8- to 121-fold; endosulfan, 1-to 13-fold; quinalphos, 1- to 29-fold; monocrotophos, 2- to 362-fold and methomyl, 0·7- to 19-fold. In nearly all strains pre-treatment with the metabolic inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide, resulted in complete suppression of cypermethrin resistance (2- to 121-fold synergism), indicating that enhanced detoxification by microsomal P450-dependent monooxygenases was probably the major mechanism of pyrethroid resistance. Pre-treatment with the synergist DEF, an inhibitor of esterases and the glutathione S-transferase system, resulted in a 2- to 3-fold synergism with monocrotophos indicating that esterases and possibly glutathione S-transferases were at least to some extent contributing to organophosphate resistance