Cell Death by Apoptosis in Epidermal Biology

Homeostasis in continually renewing tissues is maintained by a tightly regulated balance between cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell death. Until recently, proliferation was thought to be the primary point of control in the regulation of normal tissue kinetic homeostasis and as such has been the major focus of both understanding the etiology of disease and developing therapeutic strategies. Now, physiologic cell death, known as apoptosis (â-pôp-tō'sîs, â-pōp-tō'sîs [Thomas CL (ed.): Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis, Co., Philadelphia, 1989)] has gained scientific recognition as an active regulatory mechanism, complementary, but functionally opposite, to proliferation with important roles in shaping and maintaining tissue size and prevention of disease. In this review we will describe the concept of apoptosis and discuss possible molecular mechanisms of its regulation that may have implications for skin biology

Cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors from 1980 to 2010: a comparative risk assessment

Background High blood pressure, blood glucose, serum cholesterol, and BMI are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and some of these factors also increase the risk of chronic kidney disease and diabetes. We estimated mortality from cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes that was attributable to these four cardiometabolic risk factors for all countries and regions from 1980 to 2010. Methods We used data for exposure to risk factors by country, age group, and sex from pooled analyses of populationbased health surveys. We obtained relative risks for the eff ects of risk factors on cause-specifi c mortality from metaanalyses of large prospective studies. We calculated the population attributable fractions for- each risk factor alone, and for the combination of all risk factors, accounting for multicausality and for mediation of the eff ects of BMI by the other three risks. We calculated attributable deaths by multiplying the cause-specifi c population attributable fractions by the number of disease-specifi c deaths. We obtained cause-specifi c mortality from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2010 Study. We propagated the uncertainties of all the inputs to the fi nal estimates. Findings In 2010, high blood pressure was the leading risk factor for deaths due to cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes in every region, causing more than 40% of worldwide deaths from these diseases; high BMI and glucose were each responsible for about 15% of deaths, and high cholesterol for more than 10%. After accounting for multicausality, 63% (10\ub78 million deaths, 95% CI 10\ub71\u201311\ub75) of deaths from these diseases in 2010 were attributable to the combined eff ect of these four metabolic risk factors, compared with 67% (7\ub71 million deaths, 6\ub76\u20137\ub76) in 1980. The mortality burden of high BMI and glucose nearly doubled from 1980 to 2010. At the country level, age-standardised death rates from these diseases attributable to the combined eff ects of these four risk factors surpassed 925 deaths per 100 000 for men in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia, but were less than 130 deaths per 100 000 for women and less than 200 for men in some high-income countries including Australia, Canada, France, Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore, South Korea, and Spain. Interpretation The salient features of the cardiometabolic disease and risk factor epidemic at the beginning of the 21st century are high blood pressure and an increasing eff ect of obesity and diabetes. The mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors has shifted from high-income to low-income and middle-income countries. Lowering cardiometabolic risks through dietary, behavioural, and pharmacological interventions should be a part of the globalresponse to non-communicable diseases

Cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors from 1980 to 2010: A comparative risk assessment

Background: High blood pressure, blood glucose, serum cholesterol, and BMI are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and some of these factors also increase the risk of chronic kidney disease and diabetes. We estimated mortality from cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes that was attributable to these four cardiometabolic risk factors for all countries and regions from 1980 to 2010. Methods: We used data for exposure to risk factors by country, age group, and sex from pooled analyses of population-based health surveys. We obtained relative risks for the effects of risk factors on cause-specific mortality from meta-analyses of large prospective studies. We calculated the population attributable fractions for each risk factor alone, and for the combination of all risk factors, accounting for multicausality and for mediation of the effects of BMI by the other three risks. We calculated attributable deaths by multiplying the cause-specific population attributable fractions by the number of disease-specific deaths. We obtained cause-specific mortality from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2010 Study. We propagated the uncertainties of all the inputs to the final estimates. Findings: In 2010, high blood pressure was the leading risk factor for deaths due to cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes in every region, causing more than 40% of worldwide deaths from these diseases; high BMI and glucose were each responsible for about 15% of deaths, and high cholesterol for more than 10%. After accounting for multicausality, 63% (10·8 million deaths, 95% CI 10·1-11·5) of deaths from these diseases in 2010 were attributable to the combined effect of these four metabolic risk factors, compared with 67% (7·1 million deaths, 6·6-7·6) in 1980. The mortality burden of high BMI and glucose nearly doubled from 1980 to 2010. At the country level, age-standardised death rates from these diseases attributable to the combined effects of these four risk factors surpassed 925 deaths per 100 000 for men in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia, but were less than 130 deaths per 100 000 for women and less than 200 for men in some high-income countries including Australia, Canada, France, Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore, South Korea, and Spain. Interpretation: The salient features of the cardiometabolic disease and risk factor epidemic at the beginning of the 21st century are high blood pressure and an increasing effect of obesity and diabetes. The mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors has shifted from high-income to low-income and middle-income countries. Lowering cardiometabolic risks through dietary, behavioural, and pharmacological interventions should be a part of the global response to non-communicable diseases. Funding: UK Medical Research Council, US National Institutes of Health. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd

Effect of heating on antioxidative activity of rapeseed and evening primrose extracts

The composition and effect of heating (60°-110°C) on antioxidative activity in plant oil of rapeseed (RE) and evening primrose (EPE) methanolic extracts were studied. Different phenolics characterized the extracts. The EPE contained about 10-fold higher amount of phenolics (862.2 g/kg extract) than RE; flavanols (683.8 g/kg) and proanthocyanidins (760.1 g/kg) prevailed in the former and phenolic acid derivatives in the latter. The phenolic compounds of both extracts differed with the fenolic acids composition. Sinapic acid prevailed in rapeseed phenolics and protocatechic and gentisic acids in evening primrose phenolics. Both extracts had generally similar antioxidative activity in the temperature ranging from 60°C to 80°C with the oil peroxide values from 3.5 mmol O/kg to 5.0 mmol O/kg compared to the range of 6.0-7.0 mmol O/kg in control oils. The temperatures above 80°C decreased the antioxidative activity of both extracts and even made them to be prooxidative.Badano skład i wpływ temperatury (60-110°C) na właściwości przeciwutleniające ekstraktów metanolowych nasion rzepaku i wiesiołka. Stwierdzono, że olej tych nasion zawierał tokoferole, głównie α- i y-, w ilości 0,65 g/kg (rzepak) i 0,45 g/kg (wiesiołek) (tab. 1), a ekstrakty metanolowe nasion charakteryzowały się różnymi formami związków fenolowych. W porównaniu z ekstraktem rzepakowym, ekstrakt wiesiołka zawierał około 10-krotnie więcej związków fenolowych, wśród których dominowały flawanole i proantocyjanidyny (tab. 2). Kwasy fenolowe i ich pochodne dominowały w ekstrakcie rzepakowym. Związki fenolowe ekstraktów różniły się składem kwasów fenolowych (rys. 1). Ekstrakty metanolowe obu nasion wykazywały się generalnie taką samą aktywnością przeciwutleniającą (rys. 2). W temperaturze powyżej 80°C aktywność przeciwutleniająca ekstraktów zanikała lub nawet obserwowano przyśpieszenie procesu utleniania oleju roślinnego

Lipidy nasion czarnuszki siewnej (Nigella sativa L.)

W pracy przeprowadzono fizyko-chemiczną charakterystykę oleju czarnuszki siewnej. Materiał badawczy stanowiły nasiona pochodzące z plantacji usytuowanej w Ogrodzie Doświadczalnym ART w Olsztynie. W nasionach oznaczono podstawowe składniki chemiczne: tłuszcz, białko, błonnik, popiół, węglowodany. W oleju określono skład procentowy frakcji acylogliceroli, skład kwasów tłuszczowych oraz substancje biologicznie aktywne rozpuszczalne w tłuszczach. Ponad 40% zawartości oleju w nasionach czarnuszki siewnej upoważnia do zaliczania tej rośliny do grupy roślin oleistych alternatywnych. Natomiast kompozycja ilościowa i jakościowa oleju tłoczonego, a przede wszystkim skład kwasów tłuszczowych i poziom ilościowy tokoferoli i karotenoidów pozwala zaliczyć olej z nasion czarnuszki siewnej do olejów dietetycznych.Physical and chemical features of black cumin seeds oil were analyzed in this study. Seeds from plantation located in experimental garden of Olsztyn University were used for investigativon. Basic chemical components: fat, protein, fiber, ash and carbohydrates were determined in seeds. Percentage of acyloglicerols fractions, fatty acids composition and biologically active substances soluble in fat were determined in seed oil. Over 40% oil content in black cumin seeds enable including these plants into groups of alternative oliferous plants. However, the quantitative and qualitative composition of pressed-oil and, first of all, the fatty acid composition and quantitative level of tocopherols and carotenoids, permit to account the oil of black cumin seeds to dietetic ones

Owoce krzewow jagodowych jako zrodlo bioolejow

The lipids of gooseberry, currant and their seeds were characterized. It was found that the lipid content increased during ripening from 45 g/kg to 150 g/kg in gooseberries, and from about 33 g/kg to 115-123 g/kg in currants (black, red and white). The lipids extracted from seeds of mature fruits was a mixture of triacylglycerols, which was accompanied by partial acylglycerols, i.e. mono- and diacylglycerols, and free fatty acids. The content of triacylglycerols in pressed and solvent-extracted oils from gooseberry seeds was 85% and 91%, respectively. The respective values were 83% and 90% for white currants, 85% and 92% for black currants, and 84% and 90% for red currants. The amount of saturated fatty acids gradually decreased while of polyenic acids increased during ripening of currants. The lipids of the berries studied were a rich source of essential unsaturated fatty acids.Celem pracy była charakterystyka lipidów owoców i nasion krzewów jagodowych. Ustalono, że w czasie dojrzewania owoców agrestu następuje zwiększanie zawartości tłuszczu z 42 g/kg do 154 g/kg, a w owocach porzeczek (czarnej, czerwonej i białej) z około 30-41 g/kg do 115-123 g/kg (tabela 1). Tłuszcz wydobyty z nasion dojrzałych owoców (tabela 4, 5) był mieszaniną triacylogliceroli, którym towarzyszyły acyloglicerole częściowe np. mono- i diacyloglicerole oraz wolne kwasy tłuszczowe. Udział triacylogliceroli w oleju tłoczonym i ekstrahowanym z nasion owoców agrestu stanowił 85% i 91%, a w tłuszczu otrzymanym z nasion porzeczek odpowiednio: białej 83% i 90%, czarnej 85% i 92% oraz czerwonej 84% i 90% (tabela 6). Podczas dojrzewania owoców porzeczki następowało stopniowe zmniejszenie ilości kwasów nasyconych przy jednoczesnym wzroście zawartości kwasów polie nowych (tabela 2, 3). Tłuszcze badanych owoców jagodowych z rodziny Saxifragaceae były bogatym źródłem niezbędnych nienasyconych kwasów tłuszczowych