Unit operations for gas-liquid mass transfer in reduced gravity environments

Basic scaling rules are derived for converting Earth-based designs of mass transfer equipment into designs for a reduced gravity environment. Three types of gas-liquid mass transfer operations are considered: bubble columns, spray towers, and packed columns. Application of the scaling rules reveals that the height of a bubble column in lunar- and Mars-based operations would be lower than terrestrial designs by factors of 0.64 and 0.79 respectively. The reduced gravity columns would have greater cross-sectional areas, however, by factors of 2.4 and 1.6 for lunar and Martian settings. Similar results were obtained for spray towers. In contract, packed column height was found to be nearly independent of gravity

An evaluation of Te Rau Puawai workforce 100: Stakeholder perspectives

To evaluate the Te Rau Puawai programme, the Ministry of Health commissioned the Maori and Psychology Research Unit of the University of Waikato in July 2001. The overall aim of the evaluation was to provide the Ministry with a clearer understanding of the programme including: the perceived critical success factors, the barriers if any regarding Te Rau Puawai, the impact of the programme, the extent to which the programme may be transferable, gaps in the programme, and suggested improvements. There are a number of stakeholders who do not have a direct role in the provision of Te Rau Puawai. These people are not involved in the day to day running of Te Rau Puawai (as do, for example, the coordinator, support team or academic mentors), nevertheless they play an important role, contributing in a variety of ways to the programme

Help! We\u27ve Fallen and We Can\u27t Get Up: The Problems Families Face Because of Employment-Based Health Insurance

Steve Tilghman of Birmingham, Alabama knows first-hand the health insurance problems American families face.\u27 Steve\u27s family had adequate health insurance until Steve decided to change careers. After expiration of the eighteen-month extension period COBRA provides, Steve\u27s family could not afford the one thousand dollar monthly premiums necessary to maintain their policy. Steve\u27s epileptic son further complicated his ability to find adequate health insurance. After having no insurance for two months, Steve ultimately was able to find health insurance for only part of his family. Steve had to acquire a separate, unrated policy for his epileptic son. Steve is uncertain about the value of this policy, fearing that under this plan the insurer will consider the epilepsy to cause any injury to his son, in which case the plan does not cover him. In short, Steve\u27s family is self-insured. Steve faces tension between protecting his family\u27s financial resources and not compromising his child\u27s health. The problems Steve\u27s family faced in acquiring health insurance largely are due to the fragmented health care financing system in the United States. The American health care financing system is a hodgepodge of private sources supplemented with public sector coverage. Theoretically, third-party health insurance is available to all American families: (1) Medicare for the aged and disabled; (2) Medicaid for the qualified poor or for specified disabilities;\u27 (3) employment- subsidized insurance for workers and their dependents; and (4) privately purchased insurance if ineligible under the previous three categories. Health care providers, individual patients, and philanthropic groups provide the remainder of health care financing. This fragmented financing system creates inequitable and inefficient results according to the insured\u27s financial status

Symposium: Federalism\u27s Future

Two years have passed since my predecessor, Mike Smith, sat in Professor Barry Friedman\u27s office to begin choosing a topic for the Symposium that now sits before you. Although choosing a topic for a symposium two years in advance of its occurrence can be a difficult task, the topic they agreed upon, Federalism\u27s Future, transcends the risk of becoming outdated. If the Supreme Court\u27s struggle to articulate a reasoned principle in balancing the powers and responsibilities of our state and federal governments in Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority, and later in New York v. United States,2 is any indication, the problems of modern federalism will remain with us for quite some time. Perhaps the Court\u27s concession in New York-that the struggle to protect judicially the states\u27 role in Our Federalism is too large a task for it to administer-was inevitable. After all, designating the proper governmental unit to respond to diverse problems such as the environment, civil rights, and health care is no small feat, and the task is made perhaps even more difficult by the Court\u27s intradynamics and personality conflicts. A federal response to these problems seems natural, at least in the post-New Deal era, and the increasing globalization of society and its problems appears to further necessitate a federal solution

Heat Transfer on a Flat Plate in Continuum to Rarefied Hypersonic Fows at Mach Numbers of 19.2 and 25.4

Surface heat transfer rates measured on flat plates in hypervelocity shock tunne

Heat transfer on a flat plate in helium at Mach numbers 67.3 and 87.6 and in hypersonic corner flow with air at Mach number of 19

Hypersonic heat transfer rates on flat plates in helium and in corner flow region with ai

Trust and trustworthiness

What is it to trust someone? What is it for someone to be trustworthy? These are the two main questions that this paper addresses. There are various situations that can be described as ones of trust, but this paper considers the issue of trust between individuals. In it, I suggest that trust is distinct from reliance or cases where someone asks for something on the expectation that it will be done due to the different attitude taken by the trustor. I argue that the trustor takes Holton's 'participant stance' and this distinguishes trust from reliance. I argue that trustworthiness is different from reliability and that an account of trustworthiness cannot be successful whilst ignoring the point that aligning trustworthiness with reliability removes the virtue from being trustworthy. On the question of what it is distinguishes trustworthiness from reliability, I argue that the distinction is in the opportunity for the trustee to act against the wishes of the trustor and the trustee's consideration of the value of the trust that has been placed in them by the trustor

Reusable Space Vehicle Ground Operations Baseline Conceptual Model

Modeling efforts for future space operation vehicles at the United States Air Force Research Labs Air Vehicles Directorate have been focused towards the in-flight mission. To better serve the research and development effort, a simulation of the ground operations is required allowing for trade-offs within turnaround operations and between the components that drive those procedures. However, before a simulation can be developed a conceptual model must be generated to guide the model building process. This research provides a baseline conceptual model for reusable space vehicles based on the space shuttle as the only operational vehicle of its kind. The model is built utilizing the Integrated Definition (IDEF) methodology, specifically IDEF3. IDEF3 is focused towards process-viewpoint diagramming and layout. The model is developed using the hierarchical development capabilities of the IDEF3 methodology and is broken into modules allowing for greater reuse and usability. This model captures the scheduled maintenance performed to turnaround the space shuttle for the next launch but does not contain every activity. The idea was to capture the baseline activities that may be found in future Reusable Space Vehicles and provide a description of what happens at Kennedy Space Center when preparing the space shuttle for the next launch

Development of aluminum alloy compounds for electroluminescent light sources

Aluminum alloy compounds as wide band gap semiconductors for electroluminescent light source