Hiding in Plain Sight: A Longitudinal Study of Combosquatting Abuse

Domain squatting is a common adversarial practice where attackers register domain names that are purposefully similar to popular domains. In this work, we study a specific type of domain squatting called "combosquatting," in which attackers register domains that combine a popular trademark with one or more phrases (e.g., betterfacebook[.]com, youtube-live[.]com). We perform the first large-scale, empirical study of combosquatting by analyzing more than 468 billion DNS records---collected from passive and active DNS data sources over almost six years. We find that almost 60% of abusive combosquatting domains live for more than 1,000 days, and even worse, we observe increased activity associated with combosquatting year over year. Moreover, we show that combosquatting is used to perform a spectrum of different types of abuse including phishing, social engineering, affiliate abuse, trademark abuse, and even advanced persistent threats. Our results suggest that combosquatting is a real problem that requires increased scrutiny by the security community.Comment: ACM CCS 1

Detection of DNS Traffic Anomalies in Large Networks

Almost every Internet communication is preceded by a translation of a DNS name to an IP address. Therefore monitoring of DNS traffic can effectively extend capabilities of current methods for network traffic anomaly detection. In order to effectively monitor this traffic, we propose a new flow metering algorithm that saves resources of a flow exporter. Next, to show benefits of the DNS traffic monitoring for anomaly detection, we introduce novel detection methods using DNS extended flows. The evaluation of these methods shows that our approach not only reveals DNS anomalies but also scales well in a campus network.Téměř každá síťová komunikace je předcházena překladem doménového jména na IP adresu. Měření a následná analýza DNS provozu může účinně rozšířit schopnosti současných metod pro detekci anomálií v celkovém síťovém provozu. Aby bylo možné tento provoz efektivně sledovat, navrhujeme v článku nový algoritmus pro sběr a export síťových toků šetřicí zdroje exportéru. Dále, abychom ukázali výhody monitorování DNS provozu pro detekci anomálií, představujeme nové detekční metody využívající síťové toky rozšířené o informace z DNS paketů. Z vyhodnocení těchto metod vyplývá, že navržený přístup umožňuje úspěšně detekovat anomálie v DNS provozu a to dokonce i v rozsáhlých, univerzitních sítích

Clust-IT:Clustering-Based Intrusion Detection in IoT Environments

Low-powered and resource-constrained devices are forming a greater part of our smart networks. For this reason, they have recently been the target of various cyber-attacks. However, these devices often cannot implement traditional intrusion detection systems (IDS), or they can not produce or store the audit trails needed for inspection. Therefore, it is often necessary to adapt existing IDS systems and malware detection approaches to cope with these constraints. We explore the application of unsupervised learning techniques, specifically clustering, to develop a novel IDS for networks composed of low-powered devices. We describe our solution, called Clust-IT (Clustering of IoT), to manage heterogeneous data collected from cooperative and distributed networks of connected devices and searching these data for indicators of compromise while remaining protocol agnostic. We outline a novel application of OPTICS to various available IoT datasets, composed of both packet and flow captures, to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed techniques and evaluate their feasibility in developing an IoT IDS

Location Patterns of Creative Capital and Regional Disparities in Spain

The creative class as a source of growth has been afforded increasing attention in recent years. However, creative people are not distributed evenly across space, tending rather to concentrate in particular locations. The location decisions of these creative people have been forwarded as a significant factor in accounting for regional disparities in growth and development (Florida, 2002; Fritsch and Stuetzer, 2009). Inspired by the ongoing debate surrounding the creative class theory, this study investigates the spatial distribution of creative capital and its links with regional disparities by examining the geographical divergence of provincial income in Spain. Our findings indicate that although provinces with low levels of creative capital around 1996 experienced an increase in their creative employment in the years leading up to 2004, they still lag behind the northern (and, in particular, the north-eastern) provinces of Spain. More interestingly we report strong spillover effects among the leading and lagging provinces. This spatial pattern of creative capital also accounts for the north-south divide in Spain. Thus, our empirical evidence shows that the provinces with high levels of creative capital in northern Spain are more developed in terms of provincial income even when controlling for other determinants of the process, including industrial development, regional spillover effects and human capital development

Alarm clustering for intrusion detection systems in computer networks

Until recently, network administrators manually arranged alarms produced by intrusion detection systems (IDS) to attain a high-level description of cyberattacks. As the number of alarms is increasingly growing, automatic tools for alarm clustering have been proposed to provide such a high-level description of the attack scenarios. In addition, it has been shown that effective threat analysis requires the fusion of different sources of information, such as different IDS. This paper proposes a new strategy to perform alarm clustering which produces unified descriptions of attacks from alarms produced by multiple IDS. In order to be effective, the proposed alarm clustering system takes into account two characteristics of IDS: (i) for a given attack, different sensors may produce a number of alarms reporting different attack descriptions; and (ii) a certain attack description may be produced by the IDS in response to different types of attack. Experimental results show that the high-level alarms produced by the alarm clustering module effectively summarize the attacks, drastically reducing the volume of alarms presented to the administrator. In addition, these high-level alarms can be used as the base to perform further higher-level threat analysis

Alarm Clustering for Intrusion Detection Systems in Computer Networks

Until recently, network administrators manually arranged alarms produced by intrusion detection systems (IDS) to attain a high-level description of cyberattacks. As the number of alarms is increasingly growing, automatic tools for alarm clustering have been proposed to provide such a high-level description of the attack scenarios. In addition, it has been shown that effective threat analysis requires the fusion of different sources of information, such as different IDS. This paper proposes a new strategy to perform alarm clustering which produces unified descriptions of attacks from alarms produced by multiple IDS. In order to be effective, the proposed alarm clustering system takes into account two characteristics of IDS: (i) for a given attack, different sensors may produce a number of alarms reporting different attack descriptions; and (ii) a certain attack description may be produced by the IDS in response to different types of attack. Experimental results show that the high-level alarms produced by the alarm clustering module effectively summarize the attacks, drastically reducing the volume of alarms presented to the administrator. In addition, these high-level alarms can be used as the base to perform further higher-level threat analysis

Scalable Fine-Grained Behavioral Clustering of HTTP-Based Malware

A large number of today’s botnets leverage the HTTP protocol to communicate with their botmasters or perpetrate malicious activities. In this paper, we present a new scalable system for network-level behavioral clustering of HTTP-based malware that aims to efficiently group newly collected malware samples into malware family clusters. The end goal is to obtain malware clusters that can aid the automatic generation of high quality network signatures, which can in turn be used to detect botnet command-and-control (C&C) and other malware-generated communications at the network perimeter. We achieve scalability in our clustering system by simplifying the multi-step clustering process proposed in [30], and by leveraging incremental clustering algorithms that run efficiently on very large datasets. At the same time, we show that scalability is achieved while retaining a good trade-off between detection rate and false positives for the signatures derived from the obtained malware clusters. We implemented a proof-of-concept version of our new scalable malware clustering system and performed experiments with about 65,000 distinct malware samples. Results from our evaluation confirm the effectiveness of the proposed system and show that, compared to [30], our approach can reduce processing times from several hours to a few minutes, and scales well to large datasets containing tens of thousands of distinct malware samples

Early Detection of Malicious Flux Networks via Large-Scale Passive DNS Traffic Analysis

In this paper, we present FluxBuster, a novel passive DNS traffic analysis system for detecting and tracking malicious flux networks. FluxBuster applies large-scale monitoring of DNS traffic traces generated by recursive DNS (RDNS) servers located in hundreds of different networks scattered across several different geographical locations. Unlike most previous work, our detection approach is not limited to the analysis of suspicious domain names extracted from spam emails or precompiled domain blacklists. Instead, FluxBuster is able to detect malicious flux service networks in-the-wild, i.e., as they are "accessed" by users who fall victim of malicious content, independently of how this malicious content was advertised. We performed a long-term evaluation of our system spanning a period of about five months. The experimental results show that FluxBuster is able to accurately detect malicious flux networks with a low false positive rate. Furthermore, we show that in many cases FluxBuster is able to detect malicious flux domains several days or even weeks before they appear in public domain blacklists