Controlling the commoners

The making of rules by institutions of collective action, such as commons, has been and still is an instrument to promote desired behaviour and to prevent free-riding and other individual actions that might affect the collective interest negatively. In this article, we use the historical markeboeken of four Dutch commons (marken) to study the way in which commoners sought to guarantee the resilience and longevity of the common, by analysing the design of regulations against unauthorized use, the interaction of those rules with internal and external developments, and the effects that various forms of penalty may have had on the behaviour of commoners

Litostratigrafie van de kwartaire sedimenten in het Oostelijk Kustgebied (België)

The composition of the Quaternary surface sediments in the Coastal Area is known in detail since the making of the geological map and especially since the systematic soil survey. The knowledge of the deeper Quaternary sediments however remains still fragmentary .Field work by the Center for Hydrogeological Research at the State University of Ghent has provided new data about the relief of the Tertiary substratum and the lithostratigraphy of the Pleistocene and Holocene sediments of the eastern part of the Coastal Area. A south-north section indicates the existence, in the burried surface of the Tertiary substratum, of two degradation levels (between -17 and -22 and between -8 and -6). Several lithostratigraphic units have been distinguished. The deepest deposit is the gravel-sand Ostend formation of Eemian age. This deposit is covered by the sandy Uitkerke formation of Weichselian age. The Wenduine formation on top of this sand is very heterogeneous; it has been formed during the transition between Pleistocene and Holocene. Along the edge of Inner Flanders the -8 level is overlain by the clayey Meetkerke formation with Hydrobia. In seaward direction this formation becomes sandy when passing laterally into the Houtave formation. The chronostratigraphic relationship between the two formations is not clear although the latter was probably deposited during the Atlantic. They are covered by the sands of the Zuienkerke formation, of which the northern part is also of Atlantic age. During this period and the Subboreal the Nieuwmunster peat was formed. This peat has been covered by the Dunkirk formation, except in the "Moere" of Meetkerke

Predicting Explicit and Implicit Attitudes towards Gay Men using the Dual Process Model of Prejudice and the Dark Tetrad

Although attitudes towards gay men are becoming increasingly inclusive, negative attitudes are still experienced by this socially marginalised group. Prejudice research often uses the DualProcess Model of Prejudice (DPM; comprised of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation) to understand negative social attitudes, and recently researchers have begun exploring the role of personality in addition to this theoretical framework. In this paper, we explored the predictive potential of the DPM (right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation) and the dark tetrad model of personality (D4: narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism, everyday sadism) in explaining implicit and explicit attitudes towards gaymen. The sample (N = 182; Mage = 39.15 years, SD = 10.65) was recruited using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Variance in explicit negative attitudes towards gay men was predicted by the ideological variables in the DPM, and further variance was predicted with the addition of the D4 traits (narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism each contributed unique variance, while sadism did not). Variance in implicit attitudes towards gay men was not predicted by any individual difference factors. The current study offers theoretical and empirical contributions to the ongoing debate surrounding the utility of the D4 in explaining antisocial cognitions

Edge local complementation for logical cluster states

A method is presented for the implementation of edge local complementation in graph states, based on the application of two Hadamard operations and a single controlled-phase (CZ) gate. As an application, we demonstrate an efficient scheme to construct a one-dimensional logical cluster state based on the five-qubit quantum error-correcting code, using a sequence of edge local complementations. A single physical CZ operation, together with local operations, is sufficient to create a logical CZ operation between two logical qubits. The same construction can be used to generate any encoded graph state. This approach in concatenation may allow one to create a hierarchical quantum network for quantum information tasks.Comment: 15 pages, two figures, IOP styl