Language policies and practices in Mozambique The case of the Changana/Ronga radio journalists

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Genetic Divergence and Connectivity among Gene Pools of <i>Polyprion americanus</i>

Three regional gene pools of Polyprion americanus have been described so far, i.e., the North Atlantic, the Southwest Atlantic, and the Indo-Pacific Ocean. However, there is taxonomic uncertainty about the Southeast Atlantic population and there is suspicion on the existence of a third species of Polyprion in that area. Additionally, prior studies have shown a lack of genetic structuring in the Atlantic North. Nonetheless, a more conspicuous characterization of intensity, periodicity, and direction of migration are needed to properly understand the wreckfish connectivity pattern in the North Atlantic population. This study addresses the interspecific concerns highlighted above as well as the intrapopulation structure of P. americanus from the Atlantic North, using the mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome Oxidase I gene and nuclear DNA microsatellite markers on a comprehensive sampling effort. The highly divergent gene pool from South Africa was characterized by the specific Mitochondrial DNA PamCOI.Saf haplotype. Its molecular composition and phylogenetic status were conspicuously intermediate between P. americanus and P. oxygeneios, which suggests its putative hybrid origin between those species. Microsatellite variation exhibited a high differentiation (24%) among four putative Polyprion spp. gene pools which contrasts with the large genetic homogeneity within the Atlantic North stock (FSC = 0.002). The significant migration rates inferred upon Bayesian algorithms suggest a longitudinal bi-directional connectivity pattern which strengthens the migratory hypothesis previously suggested on demographic data in the Atlantic North gene pool

THE ROBUSTNESS OF POVERTY PROFILES RECONSIDERED

Poverty measures and profiles are used increasingly to guide antipoverty policies in low- income countries. An essential element in these analyses is the specification of a poverty line. However, there are many different methods for setting poverty lines, and different methods can yield strikingly different results, with correspondingly different policy implications. Using recent household survey data from Mozambique, this paper explores the differences that occur using the most common poverty line methodologies, the Food Energy Intake (FEI) and the Cost of Basic Needs (CBN) methods, over different levels of geographic specificity. We find that regional and provincial rankings of Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke poverty indices are not robust to the method of poverty line determination, but that the characteristics of the poor are reasonably similar under all methods. The FEI poverty lines often yield counterintuitive results, whereas the family of CBN poverty lines was more robust. Food consumption patterns of the poor show a high degree of substitution among basic staples from one region to another, which is consistent with observed differences in relative food prices, indicating that CBN poverty lines that allow for regional variation in the food consumption bundle may be most appropriate in these settings

THE ROBUSTNESS OF POVERTY PROFILES RECONSIDERED

Poverty measures and profiles are used increasingly to guide antipoverty policies in low- income countries. An essential element in these analyses is the specification of a poverty line. However, there are many different methods for setting poverty lines, and different methods can yield strikingly different results, with correspondingly different policy implications. Using recent household survey data from Mozambique, this paper explores the differences that occur using the most common poverty line methodologies, the Food Energy Intake (FEI) and the Cost of Basic Needs (CBN) methods, over different levels of geographic specificity. We find that regional and provincial rankings of Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke poverty indices are not robust to the method of poverty line determination, but that the characteristics of the poor are reasonably similar under all methods. The FEI poverty lines often yield counterintuitive results, whereas the family of CBN poverty lines was more robust. Food consumption patterns of the poor show a high degree of substitution among basic staples from one region to another, which is consistent with observed differences in relative food prices, indicating that CBN poverty lines that allow for regional variation in the food consumption bundle may be most appropriate in these settings

Key messages from Safe Food, Fair Food: Food safety in informally marketed livestock products in sub-Saharan Africa

In sub Saharan Africa (SSA), 85 to 90% of livestock products are distributed through informal marketing systems which are not always effectively regulated by state services. Food borne diseases (FBD) are potentially serious public health problems but rigorous implementation of food safety measures is difficult due to the limited resources and adverse effects on the livelihoods of actors along value chains. The Safe Food Fair Food project funded by Germany was conducted in 8 SSA countries between 2008 and 2011 to develop capacity in participatory risk assessment to improve food safety while enhancing market access by smallholder farmers. The main activities were food safety country situation analyses, participatory risk assessments and national stakeholder workshops. In total, 21 risk assessment studies were conducted for a variety of livestock products and hazards. Key messages from the project included (1) the realized importance of informal food chains in African economy; (2) risks were less serious than previously perceived; (3) participatory methods were found useful in risk assessment in resource poor SSA countries; and (4) necessity for trans-disciplinary research and action along value chain. In the next phase starting shortly, Safe food Fair food II, involvement of decision makers, integration of multiple-pathogens and socio-economics into risk assessment are hoped to make important changes in addressing food safety issues in sub Saharan Africa