Condemned to rootlessness: the loyalist origins of Canada's identity crisis

Few observers have sought to explain why French Canadians, Metis and even Anglo‐Americans developed a sense of indigenous ethnicity while English‐Canadians failed to do the same. Fewer still have sought to connect this to the national ‘identity crisis’ often mentioned in the discourse of English‐speaking Canada. This article asserts that English Canada's perception of a ‘Canadian’ identity crisis is really an English‐Canadian one which has its roots in English Canada's Loyalist ethnic core. In contrast to most nations, English Canada never developed an indigenous ethnic core. Instead, its ‘non‐ethnic’ identity, from its Loyalist beginnings, remained split. On one side was a repressed American folk culture, which outsiders used to recognize the English‐Canadians. On the other was an exalted set of British myths, symbols and narratives, to which English‐Canadians attached themselves. The pattern of English‐Canadian cultural history is therefore unsurprising: it involves a tension between American and British influence, with seemingly no exit. Thus the ‘Canadians’, deprived of a distinct founding people, were, from the beginning, ‘condemned to rootlessness’

Ground-penetrating radar observations for estimating the vertical displacement of rotational landslides

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the applicability of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) for monitoring the displacement of slow-moving landslides. GPR data are used to estimate the vertical movement of rotational slides in combination with other surveying techniques. The study area is located along the Normandy coast (northeast France) where several rotational landslides are continuously affected by a seasonal kinematic regime (low displacement rates of 0.01 to 0.10 m yr⁻¹) and periodically by major acceleration events (high displacement rates of 1.0 to 7.0 m per event)