Comparing Yield and Quality of Milk from Dairy Cows Fed Stockpiled Annual Ryegrass (\u3cem\u3eLolium Multiflorum\u3c/em\u3e L.) and Cereal Rye (\u3cem\u3eSecale Cereale\u3c/em\u3e L.)

Stockpiling annual ryegrass and cereal rye provides a low cost substitute to hay and creates an excellent source of feed during winter (Kallenbach et al., 2003). In addition to lowering feed costs, grazing increases the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk compared to feeding hay. Previous research suggested that forage species might differ in their ability to alter milk CLA content during the growing season (Wu et al., 1997). However, research is needed to determine if different forage species used for winter and early spring grazing impacts the CLA content of milk. The objective of this experiment was to compare yield and quality of milk when cows graze annual ryegrass or cereal rye in late winter and early spring

Overseeding Cereal Rye and Annual Ryegrass Into Soyabean for Forage as Part of a Multifunctional Cropping System

In the lower Midwest, the longest period of inadequate forage supply from pasture is from mid- December through mid-March (Matches & Burns, 1995). Livestock producers in this region are looking for high quality forage for winter grazing (Kallenbach et al., 2003). Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) are two forages that Missouri\u27s beef producers are interested in to extend the grazing season. The objective of this research was to determine how seeding date impacts the establishment, growth, and forage production of annual ryegrass and cereal rye when planted into soyabean fields as part of a multifunctional cropping system

E conomic Favorability of Feeding Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles and Round-Bale Silage to Stocker Cattle 1

ABSTRACT It is common for stocker operators to buy calves in the sprin

Olive fruits infested with olive fly larvae respond with an ethylene burst and the emission of specific volatiles

Olive fly (Bactrocera oleae R.) is the most harmful insect pest of olive (Olea europaea L.) which strongly affects fruits and oil production. Despite the expanding economic importance of olive cultivation, up to now, only limited information on plant responses to B. oleae is available. Here, we demonstrate that olive fruits respond to B. oleae attack by producing changes in an array of different defensive compounds including phytohormones, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and defense proteins. Bactrocera oleae-infested fruits induced a strong ethylene burst and transcript levels of several putative ethylene-responsive transcription factors became significantly upregulated. Moreover, infested fruits induced significant changes in the levels of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid and C12 derivatives of the hydroperoxide lyase. The emission of VOCs was also changed quantitatively and qualitatively in insect-damaged fruits, indicating that B. oleae larval feeding can specifically affect the volatile blend of fruits. Finally, we show that larval infestation maintained high levels of trypsin protease inhibitors in ripe fruits, probably by affecting post-transcriptional mechanisms. Our results provide novel and important information to understand the response of the olive fruit to B. oleae attack; information that can shed light onto potential new strategies to combat this pes

Admixed pellets for fast and efficient delivery of plasma enhancement gases: Investigations at AUG exploring the option for EU-DEMO

Gas and pellet injection are envisaged for particle fuelling in EU-DEMO. The gas system will provide edge and divertor fuelling and any further gas species required for operation. Pellets, mm-sized bodies formed from solid hydrogen fuel, are designed for efficient and fast core fuelling. However, they can also be employed for a more efficient delivery of plasma enhancement gases, by admixing them with the fuelling pellets. To check this option for EU-DEMO, explorative investigations have been performed at ASDEX Upgrade (AUG). The AUG system produces ice in a batch process sufficient for about 100 pellets, initially designed for operation with pure H$_2$ or D$_2$. On a trial basis, pellet formation was tested using an H$_2$/D$_2$ mixture and admixtures containing small amounts (up to 2 mol%) of N$_2$, Ar, Kr or Xe in the D$_2$ host. A homogeneous and reproducible ice composition was found for the H$_2$/D$_2$ = 1:1 case. For all the admixed gases, a depletion of the admixture in the ice with increasing atomic number is observed. Nevertheless, the fast and efficient delivery of admixed pellets was clearly demonstrated in dedicated plasma experiments at AUG. Detailed investigations showed that the Ar supplied via admixed pellets has a higher radiation efficiency and a faster radiation rise than an Ar/D$_2$ gas puff. Furthermore, Ar density measurements in a discharge with admixed pellet injection show reasonable agreement with findings of a fading admixed species’ concentration along the ice rod and assumptions on the pellet ablation location in the plasma. Investigations performed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory with a large batch extruder using up to 2 mol% Ne in D$_2$ confirmed that production of much larger ice quantities can be achieved. These initial explorative investigations clearly reveal the great potential of admixed pellets, although they also demonstrate that further technology efforts are required before their benefits can be utilized

Latitudinal and Longitudinal Adaptation of Switchgrass Populations

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a warmseason native grass, used for livestock feed, bioenergy, soil and wildlife conservation, and prairie restoration in a large portion of the USA. The objective of this research was to quantify the relative importance of latitude and longitude for adaptation and agronomic performance of a diverse group of switchgrass populations. Six populations, chosen to represent remnant prairie populations on two north–south transects, were evaluated for agronomic traits at 12 locations ranging from 36 to 47°N latitude and 88 to 101°W longitude. Although the population × location interactions accounted for only 10 to 31% of the variance among population means, many significant changes in ranking and adaptive responses were observed. Ground cover was greater for northern-origin populations evaluated in hardiness zones 3 and 4 and for southern-origin populations evaluated in hardiness zones 5 and 6. There were no adaptive responses related to longitude (ecoregion). Switchgrass populations for use in biomass production, conservation, or restoration should not be moved more than one hardiness zone north or south from their origin, but some can be moved east or west of their original ecoregion, if results from field tests support broad longitudinal adaptation