Performance Analysis of Mixed Line Rate Optical WDM Networks under Link Failure

Due to heterogeneous traffic in next generation Mixed Line Rate (MLR) networks are capable of delivering different bandwidth in a flexible manner. In this paper a simple routing algorithm is proposed to study the case of any link failure in MLR WDM networks. Here Poisson random traffic is used as a dynamic traffic for 24-hour duration. The proposed work can be achieved by deleting the failed link and then finding the new best possible shortest path between source and destination node. According to the traffic load light paths adjustments employ the addition of light paths under congestion and deletion of lightpaths which are not being used at a particular time. Simulation result shows the total number of lightpaths used, total number of addition and deletion of light paths under link safe and link failure case in mixed line rate (MLR) and single line rate (SLR) optical WDM networks

Effect of sowing dates, crop geometry and host range on powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni) of fenugreek, Trigonella foenum graecum L.

In Rajasthan, fenugreek crop is attacked by a number of diseases. Powdery mildew of fenugreek is an important and serious disease caused by Erysiphe polygoni. Date of sowing and crop geometry greatly influenced the disease intensity of powdery mildew on fenugreek during the two consecutive years 2012-13 and 2013-14. Early sown crop exhibited more disease development as compared to late sown crop. November 30th sown crop recorded minimum per cent disease intensity, whereas 10th October sown crop recorded maximum per cent disease intensity and minimum seed yield. The crop was sown on 30th October registered maximum seed yield (16.48 q/ha) with 61.10 per cent disease intensity. The wider spacing of 15 x 45 cm, 15 x 30 cm and 10 x 45 cm between rows and within rows recorded minimum per cent disease intensity (36.11, 39.66 and 45.39) respectively. However, closer spacing 5 x 15 cm recorded maximum seed yield and per cent disease intensity. Out of fifteen host species powdery mildew symptoms were observed on Pisum sativum, Cuminum cyminum, Coriandrum sativum, Calendula officinalis, Lathyrus odoratus and Foeniculum vulgur under caged conditions

Response of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) to phosphorus and zinc fertilization in a loamy sand soil

The field experiment was conducted with four levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 40, and 60 kg ha-1) and four levels of ZnSO4 (0, 15, 30 and 45 kg ha-1) to study their effects on growth and yield of fennel. Application of P upto 40 kg ha-1 significantly increased days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of branches, number of umbels plant-1, number of umbellets umbel-1, seeds umbel-1, seed and stover yield, net return and B:C ratio. The delay in 50% flowering, plant height, number of branches plant-1, number of umbels plant-1, number of umbellets umbel-1 and seeds per umbel-1, seed and stover yield, net return and B:C ratio increased significantly upto 30 kg ZnSO4 ha-1. The combined application of P @ 40 kg ha-1 and Zn @ 30 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 was significantly superior with respect to umbels plant-1, seed and stover yield as compared to other combinations of P and ZnSO4. The economic optimum dose of P and ZnSO4 was computed as 53.85 kg ha-1 with response of 1245.66 kg ha-1 and 39.03 kg ha-1 with the response of 1255.94 kg ha-1, respectively. &nbsp

Integrated nutrition management in pigeon pea intercropping systems for enhancing production and productivity in sustainable manner– A review

India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world accounting for about 29 per cent of the world area and 19 per cent of the world’s production. In order to achieve self-sufficiency in pulses, the projected requirement by the year 2025 is estimated at 27.5 MT. To meet this requirement, the productivity needs to be enhanced to 1000 kg/ha, and an additional area of about 3-4 Mha has to be brought under pulses besides reducing post-harvest losses. This uphill task has to be accomplished under more severe production constraints, especially abiotic stresses, abrupt climatic changes, emergence of new species/ strains of insect-pests and diseases, and in-creasing deficiency of secondary and micronutrients in the soil. This requires a two-pronged proactive strategy, i.e. improving per unit productivity and reducing cost of production. The yield levels of pulses have remained low and stagnant, also area and total production. Among the pulses pigeon pea is second most important grain-legumes and major constraints in pigeon pea production is mostly grown in grown on marginal lands under rainfed agriculture and without nutrient management, hence are prone to abiotic stresses. Therefore, it is essential for higher production and productivity of pigeon pea, use of high yielding varieties which suitable for intercrop as well as sole cropping system with best nutrient management practices

Growth and instability in area, production and yield of major spice crops in Rajasthan vis-à-vis India

A study on growth and instability in area, production and yield of spice crops such as coriander (Coriandrum sativum), cumin (Cuminum cyminum), fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), garlic (Allium sativum) and chilli (Capsicum annuum) in Rajasthan vis-à-vis India indicated that almost all the spices registered significant growth rates in their production in Rajasthan as well as in India during the entire study period mainly due to significant increases in the same during post-Technology Mission on Oilseeds (TMO) period (1986-87 to 2000-01). The significant increase in production in coriander was mainly due to significant increase in yield whereas in cumin and fennel, it was due to significant increase in area. In fenugreek, the increase in production was the result of increase in both area and yield. In case of chilli and garlic, both area and yield at the national level and only area at the state level played significant role in increasing the production. In majority of the spice crops the instability in production increased during the post-TMO period over the pre-TMO period (1967-68 to 1985-86) in Rajasthan and India as well. However, the magnitudes of coefficients of variations were more pronounced at the state level than at the national level. The instability in area in the state was higher in the post-TMO period than in the pre-TMO period. The same was true of India except that the magnitudes of coefficients of variations were less at the national level. In general, yield instability, on the other hand, decreased during the post-TMO period over the pre-TMO period in both Rajasthan and India. As regards sources of variance of production, area variance played a dominant role in case of coriander, cumin, fennel and garlic. Yield variance predominantly destabilised the production of chilli in Rajasthan and of fenugreek in India. In majority of spices, areayield covariance helped stabilize the production in Rajasthan as well as in India. &nbsp

Participatory Pasture Development in Hot Arid Region of India

Livestock production is one of the main occupations of resource-poor and resource-rich people living in India’s arid regions, and common grazing lands have always played a major role in livestock based livelihood systems, as around 50% of animals depend on grazing (Misra et al, 2015). According to the National Sample Survey Organization, common property land resources constitute about 15% of the total geographical area of India, of which 23% is community pasture and grazing lands and 16% have been classified as village forests and woodlots (NSSO, 1999). At another level, India has the largest livestock population in the world, with 512 million head of livestock, many of them raised by small and marginal farmers who depend on grazing land to meet the fodder requirements of their animals (Anonymous, 2012). Traditionally, close link exists between livestock and common property resources (CPRs), as grazing is predominate feeding practice among the livestock keepers in hot arid region of India. This complex inter-relationship between CPRs, livestock and crops in arid and semi-arid production systems has contributed to the sustainability of dryland agriculture for generations (Misra et al., 2009). However, the typical scenario of community grazing lands has been one of gradually declining productivity due to overexploitation, and declining area due to privatization. Keeping this in view, Livestock Production Systems & Range Management Division and Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) of Central arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI), Jodhpur identified pasture development as a major thrust area for the hot arid zone of India. The interventions related to pasture development was carried out on a total of 88 ha common/private land in ten gram panchayat in two districts (Jodhpur and Nagur) of western Rajasthan during 2010-14 in collaboration with local farming communities, NGOs and Goushala

Response of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) to 'panchgavya' and plant leaf extracts in arid western Rajasthan

A field experiment was conducted at Jaisalmer (Rajasthan) to study the effect of foliar appliedneem (Azadirachta indica), datura (Datura metel) and tumba (Citrullus colocynthis) leaf extractsin 1:1 combination with 'panchgavya' on growth and yield of cumin (Cuminum cyminum).The results revealed that synthesis of chlorophyll and activity of nitrate reductase in freshleaves increased significantly with application of neem + panchgavya compared to control at55 and 80 days after sowing. Dry matter accumulation, branches plant-1, umbels plant-1,seeds umbel-1 and 100-seed weight also recorded significant increase with application of neem+ 'panchgavya'. Compared to control, neem + 'panchgavya' increased grain, straw andbiological yield by 58%, 72% and 65%, respectively. The content and uptake of N and P inseed and straw also recorded significant increase with application of neem + 'panchgavya'.Application of foliar sources both at branching and flowering stages recorded significantlyhigher accumulation of dry matter, yield and yield attributes, content and uptake of N and Pin seed and straw compared to single application at branching or flowering. &nbsp