Lasing on the D_2 line of sodium in helium atmosphere due to optical pumping on the D_1 line (up-conversion)

A new method is proposed to produce population inversion on transitions involving the ground state of atoms. The method is realized experimentally with sodium atoms. Lasing at the frequency corresponding to the sodium D_2 line is achieved in the presence of pump radiation resonant to the D_1 line with helium as a buffer gas.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, Late

Modeling of Spiking-Bursting Neural Behavior Using Two-Dimensional Map

A simple model that replicates the dynamics of spiking and spiking-bursting activity of real biological neurons is proposed. The model is a two-dimensional map which contains one fast and one slow variable. The mechanisms behind generation of spikes, bursts of spikes, and restructuring of the map behavior are explained using phase portrait analysis. The dynamics of two coupled maps which model the behavior of two electrically coupled neurons is discussed. Synchronization regimes for spiking and bursting activity of these maps are studied as a function of coupling strength. It is demonstrated that the results of this model are in agreement with the synchronization of chaotic spiking-bursting behavior experimentally found in real biological neurons.Comment: 9 pages, 12 figure

Dynamical model of sequential spatial memory: winnerless competition of patterns

We introduce a new biologically-motivated model of sequential spatial memory which is based on the principle of winnerless competition (WLC). We implement this mechanism in a two-layer neural network structure and present the learning dynamics which leads to the formation of a WLC network. After learning, the system is capable of associative retrieval of pre-recorded sequences of spatial patterns.Comment: 4 pages, submitted to PR

Stable Propagation of a Burst Through a One-Dimensional Homogeneous Excitatory Chain Model of Songbird Nucleus HVC

We demonstrate numerically that a brief burst consisting of two to six spikes can propagate in a stable manner through a one-dimensional homogeneous feedforward chain of non-bursting neurons with excitatory synaptic connections. Our results are obtained for two kinds of neuronal models, leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neurons and Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) neurons with five conductances. Over a range of parameters such as the maximum synaptic conductance, both kinds of chains are found to have multiple attractors of propagating bursts, with each attractor being distinguished by the number of spikes and total duration of the propagating burst. These results make plausible the hypothesis that sparse precisely-timed sequential bursts observed in projection neurons of nucleus HVC of a singing zebra finch are intrinsic and causally related.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figure

Identification of Neural Circuits by Imaging Coherent Electrical Activity with FRET-Based Dyes

AbstractWe show that neurons that underlie rhythmic patterns of electrical output may be identified by optical imaging and frequency-domain analysis. Our contrast agent is a two-component dye system in which changes in membrane potential modulate the relative emission between a pair of fluorophores. We demonstrate our methods with the circuit responsible for fictive swimming in the isolated leech nerve cord. The output of a motor neuron provides a reference signal for the phase-sensitive detection of changes in fluorescence from individual neurons in a ganglion. We identify known and possibly novel neurons that participate in the swim rhythm and determine their phases within a cycle. A variant of this approach is used to identify the postsynaptic followers of intracellularly stimulated neurons

Lasing without inversion in three-level systems without external coherent driving

We have studied an incoherently pumped laser operating with a Doppler-broadened three-level system placed in a doubly resonant cavity. This system generates two laser fields, one of them without population inversion. Both ladder and V-type three-level schemes are considered with a ratio R=ωα/ωβ of inversionless laser frequency ωα to ordinary laser frequency ωβ of R=0.67 and R=1.88, respectively. Dual-wavelength lasing extends up to Doppler-broadening values for optical transitions of atoms in a vapor cell. Some considerations for the practical realization of this dual-wavelength laser are discussed

Nuevo prototipo de máquina frigorífica de absorción de LiBr-H₂O de simple y doble efecto con absorbedor adiabático refrigerado por aire de alta eficiencia : descripción, simulación y resultados experimentales

Due to unsustainable growth of air conditioning market, a great interest in solar cooling technologies has emerged. The coincidence between availability of solar irradiation and peaks of cooling demand makes solar cooling a very attractive option to replace conventional refrigeration machines based on electricity. What is more, solar cooling systems normally use natural refrigerants that are not harmful to the environment. However, an improvement of the current technology is needed for solar cooling systems to compete with electricity‐powered air conditioning systems. In this work, a novel air‐cooled single–double‐effect LiBr/H₂O absorption prototype is proposed as a solution to improve the viability of solar cooling systems. This prototype presents the following distinguishing features: firstly, it is directly air‐cooled, which means that no cooling tower is needed; secondly, it is made up by compact heat exchangers, which allows for a reduced size of about 1 m₃; thirdly, it incorporates an adiabatic absorber operating with flat‐fan solution sheets, which permits the working solution not to crystallize at high ambient temperatures; lastly, it can be powered by solar heat in its single‐effect mode (4.5 kW), or by an alternative source such as fuel or waste heat in its double‐effect stage (7 kW). In this way, 100% of the cooling demand may be supplied by a single absorption machine using solar energy as far as possible or, when it is not available, efficiently utilizing a fuel or even waste heat, for instance in a trigeneration system. This thesis includes a detailed description of that single–double‐effect absorption prototype as well as the fundamentals for its numerical simulation. Likewise, experimental results from a testing campaign carried out in Madrid during 2010 are presented and discussed. A solar facility with evacuated flat‐plate collectors was used to test the single-effect operation mode of the prototype. In turn, the double‐effect stage was fired by a thermal oil facility with electrical resistances. As relevant results of the whole experimental campaign it is worth mentioning that the single‐effect stage was able to work with COP values around 0.6, whereas the double‐effect mode permitted to achieve values of about 1.0. The chilled water temperatures mostly ranged between 14°C and 16°C in single‐effect operation mode, while they were around 12°C for the double‐effect stage. Besides, it is highly noteworthy that after some 125 hours of operation under a wide range of conditions (outdoor temperatures up to 39.5°C), no solution crystallization was noticed. On the other hand, this work includes an in‐depth description of the absorber assembled in the single–double‐effect prototype. Furthermore, a mathematical model is developed for simulation of air‐cooled flat‐fan sheets adiabatic absorbers. As far as we know, there is not any numerical modeling for this kind of absorbers in the literature. Based on that model, which was as well experimentally validated in this study, the capacity of the prototype absorber is optimized as a function of the energy consumption of its ancillary equipment (solution pump and fan). Finally, the positive results derived from this work may be regarded as an important contribution to the development of air‐cooled LiBr/H₂O absorption technology. Even though a few improvements in the prototype are still required, it seems that the proposed system represents a feasible alternative to overcome some of the major obstacles concerning solar air conditioning. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------La actual situación de insostenibilidad en el mercado de la climatización ha motivado un gran interés por la refrigeración solar como alternativa al uso de máquinas eléctricas. El hecho de que las horas de máxima radiación solar coincidan con los momentos de mayor demanda de frío en los edificios, hace que estos sistemas sean especialmente indicados para sustituir a los equipos convencionales de aire acondicionado. Además, hay que añadir que esta tecnología normalmente utiliza refrigerantes naturales que no son dañinos para el medio ambiente. Sin embargo, los sistemas actuales de refrigeración solar necesitan una mejora sustancial para poder competir directamente con los aparatos tradicionales de climatización. Como una posible solución para mejorar la viabilidad de los sistemas de refrigeración solar, en este trabajo se presenta un nuevo prototipo de máquina de absorción de LiBr/H₂O que integra los ciclos de simple y doble efecto en una misma unidad. Las principales características que hacen de este prototipo una novedad tecnológica son las siguientes: en primer lugar, se trata de una máquina directamente condensada por aire, eliminando así la necesidad de instalar torres de refrigeración; en segundo lugar, el prototipo está básicamente formado por intercambiadores de calor compactos, con lo que se alcanza un tamaño final de máquina muy reducido, aproximadamente 1 m3; en tercer lugar, el prototipo incorpora un absorbedor adiabático con láminas planas que evita que la disolución cristalice a altas temperaturas ; por último, la máquina puede funcionar como una unidad de simple efecto (4.5 kW), alimentada en este caso por energía solar, o como una unidad de doble efecto (7 kW), quemando combustibles o utilizando calor residual. De este modo, se podría llegar cubrir el 100% de la demanda de refrigeración con una sola unidad que saca el máximo partido a la energía solar y, cuando ésta no es suficiente, utiliza eficientemente combustibles o incluso el calor residual procedente de otros procesos, por ejemplo en una planta de trigeneración. En esta tesis doctoral se incluye una descripción detallada del prototipo de simple y doble efecto así como los fundamentos teóricos para su simulación numérica. Asimismo, se presentan y discuten los resultados experimentales obtenidos durante una campaña de ensayos llevada a cabo en Madrid durante el año 2010. Para probar el funcionamiento del prototipo como máquina de absorción de simple efecto se ha utilizado una instalación solar con colectores planos de vacío. En cambio, para ensayar el prototipo como máquina de doble efecto se ha utilizado un aceite térmico como fuente de energía. Como resultados destacados de la campaña de experimentación cabe mencionar que los valores del COP se movieron entorno a 0.6 en simple efecto y alrededor de 1.0 en doble efecto. A su vez, se alcanzaron temperaturas de agua fría entre 14°C y 16°C para el simple efecto y de aproximadamente 12°C para el doble efecto. Además, es de gran relevancia el hecho de que, después de unas 125 horas de funcionamiento bajo condiciones de trabajo muy diferentes (hasta 39.5°C de temperatura exterior), la disolución de LiBr/H₂O no se haya cristalizado en ningún momento. Por otra parte, este trabajo incluye una descripción detallada del absorbedor instalado en el prototipo. Asimismo, se ha desarrollado un modelo matemático para simular absorbedores adiabáticos de láminas directamente refrigerados por aire. Por lo que sabemos, hasta el momento no se ha publicado ninguna modelización numérica para este tipo de absorbedores. Tomando como referencia el modelo propuesto, que también ha sido validado experimentalmente en este estudio, se ha realizado una optimización de la capacidad del absorbedor del prototipo en función del consumo energético de sus equipos auxiliares (bomba de disolución y ventilador). Por último, los buenos resultados obtenidos con este prototipo nos hacen pensar que este trabajo representa una contribución importante al desarrollo de las máquinas de absorción de LiBr/H₂O refrigeradas por aire. A pesar de que el prototipo todavía no está totalmente optimizado, con él se ha demostrado que la tecnología propuesta en esta tesis doctoral constituye una alternativa viable para superar algunos de los principales problemas relacionados con la refrigeración solar