Standardization of the bio-active compounds (rotenoids) from the extract of local plant species (derris elliptica) using the internal standard method of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

It is well known now that some plant species represent an efficient factory of chemicals, which are manufactured and used as bio-weapons against pest attacks. Extensive work has been done during the last few decades on these potentially useful compounds. During the last few decades a growing interest has been paid for safe agricultural production i.e free residual toxicity hazards to human beings and to the environment. Plant extracts-based biocides possess a great advantage compared with the chemical ones. Their efficacies are also acceptable. Research carried out was to standardize and determine the bio-active compounds from the extract of local plant species (Derris elliptica) using the internal standard method of the isocratic High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis system. The raw plants were collected from Kota Johor Lama, Johor and sorted to collect the root and stem. Only the root and stem were utilized as a raw material of the extraction process. The root and stem were extracted by using the Normal Soaking Extraction (NSE) method at 28 0C to 30 0C with 95.0 % (v/v) of acetone as a solvent and the solvent-to-solid ratio of the extraction is (10.0 ml/g). The extraction was carried out for 24 hours and further cleaned up to remove fine debris of root and stem prior to determination of the rotenone and its derivatives content. The rotenone cube resin of SAPHYR S.A.R.L (France) was used to verify the appearances of the compounds in the extract. The employed method of analysis shows significant appearances of the bio-active compounds in the extract compared with the commercial grade of rotenone cube resin

A study into the effect of concentration process on the yield of rotenone from the extract of local plant species (Derris elliptica)

Bio-pesticides are becoming increasingly important as pest management tools in various cropping systems in the tropics essentially to remedy problems associated with the indiscriminate use of ‘hard’ inorganic pesticide and interest in organic agriculture. In the few decades, many bio-pesticidal products, both microbial-based (bacteria, fungi, microsprodia, entomopathogenic nematodes, viruses) and plant-based botanicals (rotenone and azadiracthin) had been studied for use against insect pests in the tropics. In this paper, the effect of the concentration process towards the yield of rotenone; mg and its concentration; mg/ml are studied extensively. The raw plants were collected from Kota Johor Lama, Johor and sorted to collect the root and stem. Only the root and stem were utilized as a raw material of the extraction process. The root and stem were extracted using the Normal Soaking Extraction (NSE) at 28 0C to 30 0C with 95 % (v/v) of acetone as a solvent and the solvent-to-solid ratio of 10 ml/g). The extraction was carried out for 24 hours. The liquid crude extract was concentrated further (the solvent removed under reduced pressure) using the rotary evaporator at 50 0C and 80 mbar of vacuum pressures. The fractions of the liquid crude extract were collected for each interval time (15 mins/1.0 ml/fraction). Each fractions were diluted 1/100 with acetone and further cleaned up prior to determination of rotenone content; mg and concentration; mg/ml by using the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Significant effect of the concentration process against the yield of rotenone; mg was recorded and shows a significant thermal degradation or dissipation of rotenone content at higher operating temperature. The possibilities for better exploitation and identification of the effective operating parameters will be discussed

Perkembangan Bentuk Penyajian Dan Fungsi Eine Kleine Nachtmusik K.525 Karya Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is a genius figure and professionals in the field of musiccomposition. In addition to a composition he is also an expert in playing musicalinstruments, violin and harpsichord. He have many works of instrumental musiccomposition, vocal, even to the form of a symphony orchestra with choir produced. Somegreat works that have been created is a composition for string quartet chamber music.Eine Kleine Nachtmusik K.525 is one of his works, which is still often heard in thecorners of the world. The composition of this string quartet has a character andcharacteristics of light music and lively, so well known in the community. In this case, theauthor tried to assess Eine Kleine Nachtmusik in the development and function of thepresentation is still sound and well-known in this modern era. To discuss this paper usedqualitative methods with descriptive analysis, the approach to musicology. The results ofthis paper is the development and function of serving an increasingly wide of the formand format of presentation of original work

Pengaruh Modul Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Pada Materi Keanekaragaman Hayati SMA Negeri 9 Pontianak

This study was aimed to see the influence used of module toward study result of biodiversity material in class X of SMA Negeri 9 Pontianak. The form of this research was a quasy experimental design with pattern in nonequivalent control group design. The sample of this research are XF as experiment class and XA as control class. As for the sampling technique by means of intact group. The instrument that been used was multiple choice test that consists of 20 item. From analysis of the data, obtained an average score of the students in the post-test result of experimental class (with module) is 18.26, while the average score of the post-test result of the control class (with texts book) is 15.71. Based on the analysis U- Mann Whitney test showed that Zcount < Ztable (-5.33 < -1.96) it can be concluded there were differences of study result between students that taught by module with that taught by texts book in SMA N 9 Pontianak. The effect size (ES) obtained 1.32 in the high category and gave the contribution 40.66%, then the module has positif influence toward study result of biodiversity material in class X of SMA Negeri 9 Pontianak

Peran West Africa Cocoa Agricultural Project (Wacap) Dalam Mengeleminasi Pekerja Anak Pantai Gading

This research aims to find out the role of West Africa Cocoa Agricultural Project (WACAP) for elimination child labour in Cote d\u27Ivoire. Child labor is one of the social problems which can disrupt the child\u27s mental development and physical development of children. Cote d\u27Ivoire is one of the country in West Africa that is getting the spotlight related to the numerous child labourers that work under the hazardous conditions on cocoa plantations. In line with the establishment of Harkin-Engel Protocol as one of the effort to eliminate the worst forms of child labour in cocoa and chocolate industry, the involvement of ILO-IPEC is expected to assist in realizing the protocol\u27s objective. ILO-IPEC established WACAP, a sub-regional program which conducted in four cocoa producing countries and one rice producing country in West Africa.This research uses Pluralism Perspective and Role Concept. It also uses Organization theory and level analysis is Interest Groups. This research uses qualitative method and library research for references by collecting data from books, journals, articles, and news that come from various medias. And applying the questions to the parties who are involve in this research through media.In order to eliminate child labor in Côte d\u27Ivoire, WACAP has 5 programs. The programs are social awareness, capacity building, social protection, child labor monitoring system and knowledge base and information

Membangun Server Multicast Berbasis Streaming Menggunakan Centos

The development of IP-based technology contribute to the development of telecomunication and information technology. &nbsp;One of &nbsp;IP-based technology application is streaming multicast, as part of broadcasting. The streaming &nbsp;process is made by accessing &nbsp;Telkom-2 broadcast &nbsp;through AKATEL LAN network, then &nbsp;server forward it to clients using multicast IP system. Multicast IP is D-class IP, which is able to send data package in realtime. In multicast system, server only send one data package to &nbsp;some clients with same speed transmition. The Telkom-2 broadcast is already accessed before &nbsp; sent as data package. Server will access Telkom-2 broadcast using parabola antenna and Hughes modem, then forward it to clients through AKATEL LAN network. Clients must conect to server via AKATEL LAN network and already &nbsp;instaled VLC player, in order to be able to access the Telkom-2 broadcas

Pengaturan Dana Kampanye Pemilihan Umum sebagai Tanggung Jawab Calon Anggota Legislatif Berdasarkan Undang- Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 2012 Tentang Pemilihan Umum Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah

Tuntutan dana kampanye yang begitu besar ini menjadikan peserta pemilu harus berusaha menyiapkan dana. Dana yang digunakan peserta pemilu dapat berasal dari peserta pemilu maupun sumbangan yang sah menurut hukum dari pihak lain yang diatur oleh peraturan Perundang-undangan. Namun, dari dana yang dikumpulkan muncul berbagai persoalan mengenai keabsahan dana tersebut, maupun pengaruh dana yang disumbangkan terhadap tanggung jawab peserta pemilu. Disamping partai politik membutuhkan dana besar untuk membiayai kampanye, di pihak lain besarnya dana kampanye yang disumbangkan pada partai politik membuat partai politik terjebak dalam kepentingan penyumpang dan seakan melupakan kepentingan rakyat

Efek Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Group Investigation Dan Teamwork Skills Terhadap Hasil Belajar Fisika

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: Mengetahui perbedaan hasil belajarfisika siswa melalui model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe GroupInvestigationdengan model pembelajaran Direct Instruction. Mengetahui perbedaan hasilbelajar fisika antara kelompok siswa yang memiliki teamwork skills dibawah rata-rata dengan di atas rata-rata. Mengetahui interaksi antara modelpembelajaran dengan tingkat teamwork skills siswa dalam mempengaruhi hasil belajar siswa. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian quasi eksperimen dengan desain faktorial 2x2. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswakelas X. Sampel dalam penelitian ini dilakukan secara cluster randomsebanyak dua kelas, dimana kelas pertama sebagai kelas eksperimenditerapkan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Group Investigation dankelas kedua sebagai kelas kontrol diterapkan model pembelajaran DirectInstruction. Instrumen yang digunakan dalampenelitian ini yaitu instrumentes hasil belajar fisika dalam bentuk uraian sebanyak 8 soal dan insrumenobservasi teamwok skills yang telah dinyatakan valid dan reliabel. Datadianalisis menggunakan analisis Anava dua jalur. Dari hasil penelitian dapatdisimpulkan bahwa: Hasil belajar fisika pada model kooperatif tipe groupinvestigation lebih tinggi dibandingkan model direct interuction. Hasilbelajar fisika pada kelompok siswa yang memiliki tingkat teamwork skills diatas rata-rata lebih tinggi dibandingkan di bawah rata-rata. Terdapatinteraksiantara model pembelajaran dengan tingkat teamwork skills siswa dalammempengaruhi hasil belajar siswa. Model pembelajaran kooperatif tipegroup investigation sangat baik diterapkan pada kelompok siswa yangmemiliki teamwork skills di atas rata-rata. Sedangkan pada model directinteruction tidak perlu memperhatikan teamwork skills

Normal soaking extraction (NSE) of rotenone from Derris elliptica

Derris elliptica or the tuba plant contains rotenone, bio-active compound known that has the potential to be used as bio-pesticide. Bio-pesticide is the best-known alternative bio-pesticide which has the potential to replace the use of conventional pesticides, as it is more environmentally friendly. The main objective of the paper is to obtain the best extraction solvent for optimizing the yield in rotenone extraction. Rotenone was extracted from Derris root using three different parts of roots and three types of solvent in Normal Soaking Extraction (NSE). The types of Derris roots are: (1) Fine root (2) Coarse root (3) Stem. The three types of solvent system are: (1) Acetone 95 % (v/v), (2) Chloroform 99.9 % (v/v) and (3) a mixture of ethanol: H2O (9:1) added with oxalic acid (1mg/ml). The liquid crude extracts were further cleaned up to remove the fine debris of roots. The presence of rotenone was confirmed using qualitative analysis Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and thereupon the determination of rotenone content was carried out using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). From the results obtained, it was found that the Normal Soaking Extraction (NSE) using acetone 95 % (v/v) was the best method to extract the highest yield of rotenone; 1.14 % (w/w)