Time-series properties of state-level public expenditure.

Public expenditure reform must be underpinned by some understanding of the time-series properties of public expenditure. This paper examines the univariate properties of aggregate revenue expenditure at the level of State governments in India over the period 1974-98 for three states: Punjab, Haryana and Maharashtra. The empirical exercise is performed on the logarithmic transformation of aggregate revenue expenditure in terms of nominal (rather than ex post real) expenditure, not normalised to State Domestic Product, for reasons justified in the paper, and is confined to the aggregate for lack of a breakdown of the series by economic classification. The data are adjusted for notional entries and other distortionary budgetary practices. There is trend stationarity in Punjab and Haryana, with a deterministic trend growth rate of 16-17 per cent, and clear evidence thereby of fiscal smoothing in the presence of periodic upward shocks of Pay Commission or other origin. In Maharashtra by contrast, aggregate expenditure carries a unit root, with no deterministic trend, and no drift term; expenditure shocks of other than Pay Commission origin appear to have been enabled with no corresponding smoothing, but there is sharp and concurrent smoothing at the time of the Pay Commission shocks, such that aggregate expenditure does not show a spike. The issue of whether the fiscal smoothing in each case was unproductive or productive remains unrevealed in the aggregate figures.

પર્યાવરણીય અર્થશાસ્ત્રમાં ઔદ્યોગિક એકમોની સામાજિક જવાબદારીઓ અને તેની સિધ્ધિઓ” – ગુજરાત નર્મદાવેલી ફર્ટિલાઈઝર્સ કંપની લિમિટેડ, ભરૂચનાં સંદર્ભમાં

પર્યાવરણીય અર્થશાસ્ત્રનો ઉદ્ભવ એ તાજેતરની ઘટના છે. પર્યાવરણીય પ્રશ્ર્નોને અર્થશાસ્ત્રીય દ્રષ્ટિબિંદુથી તપાસવાનું કાર્ય હવે ખૂબ મહત્વનું ગણવામાં આવે છે. એક બાજુ, ઔદ્યોગિક વિકાસ નોંધપાત્ર રીતે આર્થિક વિકાસને પ્રેરે અને પોષે છે. અને બીજી બાજુ, આ ઔદ્યોગિક વિકાસ અને તેને સંલગ્ન આનુવંશિક પ્રવૃત્તિઓ ખૂબ જોખમી રીતે પર્યાવરણને હાનિ પહોંચાડે છે. ઔદ્યોગિકરણની વધતી જતી હરણફાળ, વધતા જતા કારખાનાંઓનાં જંગલો, કારખાનાંઓનાં ઝેરી ગંદા રસાયણોથી, પ્રદૂષિત થતી ગુજરાતની નદીઓ, જળસૃષ્ટિ, વન્યસૃષ્ટિ ને કારણે જાહેર આરોગ્ય અને સુખાકારી જોખમમાં મૂકાઈ છે. પ્રદૂષણ માનવી અને પ્રકૃતિનાં સહિયારા પ્રયાસથી ઉદ્ભવે છે. કુદરતી પ્રદૂષણ ઓછું જોખમકારક અને તેની ઘાતક અસરો લાંબાગાળે અનુભવી શકાય છે. જ્યારે માનવસર્જિત પ્રદૂષણ વધુ નુકશાનકારક અને તત્કાલ અસરો જન્માવે છે. માનવસર્જિત પ્રદૂષણ એક આંતરરાષ્ટ્રીય અને વિશ્ર્વની ગંભીર સળગતી સમસ્યા છે. ભરૂચની ગુજરાત નર્મદાવેલી ફર્ટિલાઇઝર કંપની લિમિટેડ એશિયા ખંડની આગળ પડતી, એકસ્તોત્રીય, અત્યાધુનિક ટૅકનોલોજી અને આઈ.ટી. આધારિત પધ્ધતિઓ મુજબ ચાલતી એમોનિયા – યુરિયા પ્લાન્ટ ધરાવતી કંપની તરીકે પોતાની આગવી ઓળખ પ્રાપ્ત કરવામાં સફળ રહી છે. વૈશ્ર્વિકીકરણનાં યુગમાં ઉત્પાદન, બજાર, માર્કેટીંગ તેમ જ મેનેજમેન્ટનો આખો સંદર્ભ જ બદલાઈ ગયો છે. આધુનિકતાવાદ, અનુઆધુનિકતાવાદ, ગ્લોબલાઈઝેશન પછી હવે નવ્ય અનુઆધુનિકતાવાદનાં યુગમાં અન્ય વિરાટ કાય કંપનીઓની જેમ જ ભરૂચની જી.એન.એફ.સી. સામે પણ અનેક પડકારો તો છે જ. જી.એન.એફ.સી. ભરૂચ આ બાબતે ઉદાહરણીય પૂરવાર થયું છે. એનું ધ્યેય અર્જુનનાં મત્સ્યવેદ્ય જેવું રહ્યું છે. પર્યાવરણનાં તેમજ સામાજિક જવાબદારીઓનાં ભોગે માત્ર નફો કરવાનો જ હેતુ રાખવાનો નથી. આ તમામ જવાબદારીઓને ધ્યાનમાં રાખી સમતોલ તેમ જ નિયંત્રણમાં રહીને ટકાઉ પોષણક્ષમ વિકાસ કરવાનું છે. અને જી.એન.એફ.સી. ભરૂચ તેમાં સફળ રહી છે

The Principles of Kurinjithinai in Agathinai

Thinai refers to the land, which is the primary object and the focus of the activities of the people. In addition to stating the governance details and material conditions, it also categorizes the objects and gives explanations accordingly. It will classify how literary material is situated, and the race will separate and specify its meanings. The study of Kurinjithinai theory has briefly examined the Thinai, the doctrines of the Thinai, the history of the Kurinji land, the reasons for the names, the hill stations, and the first theme, the theme, etc. In this, the information about Thinai is clearly mentioned. The names of the hill land and the land of Kurinji are mentioned in detail. In addition, the article contains the principles of the life of the ancient Tamils, such as the Mutharporul (five elements and time), the Karupporul (fourteen subject matters that include God), and the Uripporul (morals performed by people). Therefore, it clearly mentions the information about Thinai

How well do India's social service programs serve the poor?

Reaching India's poor calls for greatly improved social service delivery systems, better targeting of the poor, more coordination between agencies, policies aimed at income generation, and more involvement of the poor and of nongovernmental organizations. The authors of this paper found that India's social services were used relatively little by the poor. The health and education of the poor has improved but not as much for the population as a whole. The reasons that all social service programs did so little to alleviate poverty are similar. Physical access to education and health services has improved but inequalities exist because of biases in locating facilities. The access of the poor to housing, social security, and social welfare services has been limited because these services were inadequate relative to needs and because services leak to the nonpoor. Social service policies are not comprehensive enough and the quality of services is low. Issues common to the social sector delivery systems are weak management, ineffective targeting, and inflexible service delivery systems that result in a mismatch between perceived needs and services delivered. The bureaucracy is inadequate to reach the poor. Existing capacity and resources are inadequate, particularly for education and health.Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Health Economics&Finance,Poverty Assessment,Safety Nets and Transfers,Rural Poverty Reduction

Context-preserving Sentiment Classification Using Bi-TCN and BI-GRU with Multi-head Self-attention

In natural language processing, sentiment classification is the recently used topic. Specifically, the objective of the sentiment analysis is to categorise the polarity expressed on the sentence\u27s target. However, there are some researches for classifying the polarity of the target which outperforms well in their way. Yet, there are some limitations, such as apparent and in-apparent issues, gradient problems, etc., to overcome these issues the context-preserving sentiment classification using BI-TCN (Bidirectional Temporal Convolutional network) and BI-GRU (Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit) with Multi-head self-attention is proposed to extracts both the local dependent and global dependent information from the sentence, then it will incrementally extract the supervision information of the target to train the model. Formerly, the model is tested and trained using four datasets and the performance is compared with four existing methods, its accuracy is evaluated using the F1-score, precision, recall, specificity, and MCC (Matthews Correlation Coefficient). Consequently, the proposed approach provides the best accuracy level of 98%

Pengaruh Mekanisme Corporate Governance terhadap Tingkatunderpricing Ipo (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan yang Ipo di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2009- 2014)

The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of corporate governance mechanism to level of IPO underpricing. This study used secondary data taken from financial and annually reports one year before company IPO in Indonesia Stock Exchange for years 2009-2014. This study used judgement sampling method. Research population comprise all companies that IPO for the period 2009-2014. A Total sample of 105 companies was used in analysis from total population 138 companies. Hypotheses in this study indicate that board of commissioner size, proportion of commissioner independence, board of director size, committee audit size, institutional ownership, and managerial ownership partially affect the level of underpricing. This study used linier multiple regression analysis for hypotheses testing. Results of this study showed that the proportion of commissioner independence and committee audit size positively affected the level of underpricing. Board of director had a negative effect on the level of underpricing. This study, did not find significant effects of board of commissioner size, institutional ownership and managerial ownership on the level of IPO underpricing

Identifying Factors that Influence Corporate Information Security Behavior

In this paper, we present a social/behavioral meta-study of good corporate information security practices. The research model combines social cognitive theory and control theory in order to explain the individual and environmental factors that influence corporate information security behavior. The model includes employees’ beliefs about their abilities to competently use computer information security tools in the determination of effective information security practices within organizations. We present the definition and operationalization of constructs such as information security awareness and information security practice as the dependent variable and then support within the organization, encouragement by others, others’ use as environmental factors in the information security context; and finally, self-efficacy and outcome expectations as the independent variables of the model. This research model is aimed to develop an effective audit and recommendation model for organizations that are looking to make significant improvements in their information security profiles

Three Perspectives on the Value of Bridgers Within IT: A Longitudinal Study of Eight Years of Job Placement of IT Graduates

Job placement data is important for understanding where graduates get jobs. We present an empirical study of eight years of undergraduate and graduate IT placement data to explore IT jobs obtained within IT functions. Niederman, Ferratt, and Trauth (2016) propose clustering IT jobs into four macro-level categories based on the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) required for these jobs: IT bridgers, technical specialists, application domain specialists, and IT managers. They argue an increased need for and value placed on “bridgers” who can fill bridging jobs within IT. Bridgers within IT possess both technical and “soft skills” like communications/managerial and change/project management and work within the IT function but can liaise between IT and business units. Using a longitudinal sample of 1,980 IT graduates from one Information School, the data supports that IT bridgers are hired within IT, are hired earlier, and are largely hired in consulting, technology, and finance industry sectors. Contributions include exploring the utility of the macro-level categorization of NFT IT job categories to analyze job placement, the importance of tracking IT job placement in employer sectors, and the overall value of IT placement data for IT educators and administrators

Pengaruh Faktor-faktor Fundamental Terhadap Harga Saham PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk Tahun 2004-2013

The stock price reflects the value of a company. If the company achieve good performance, the company's stock will be much in demand by investors. Achieved a good performance can be seen in the company's financial statements published by the company (issuer).The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of fundamental factors to the stock price of PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk period 2004-2013. The method used is multiple linear regression analysis. Hypothesis testing using t-test and F test results showed that the partial net profit margin and return on equity does not affect the price of the shares of PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk only earning per share which affect the stock price of PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk. Simultaneously, net profit margin, return on equity, and earnings per share effect on the stock price of PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk. The data obtained by the author in the form of secondary data to obtain these data the authors made a visit to the website of PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk, the authors use the data overview of the financial period 2004 to 2013 were analyzed using SPSS