La atención pastoral de los fieles católicos orientales por parte de la Iglesia latina: administración de los sacramentos de la iniciación cristiana y el matrimonio

Los movimientos migratorios han constituido un elemento de especial interés en la historia de la Iglesia, que siempre se ha preocupado por los problemas espirituales de los emigrantes y de sus necesidades en el campo de la pastoral. La expresión más típica de esta solicitud sobre estos grupos humanos es la cura pastoral jurídicamente determinada y organizada. Viendo esta situación, tan actual, y el papel de la Iglesia ante la movilidad humana, nos ha parecido interesante dedicarnos con el presente trabajo al tema de la atención pastoral de los Christifideles orientales que se encuentran en los territorios de la Iglesia latina, donde no está constituida su propia Jerarquía, quedando encomendados de este modo a la cura pastoral de los Ordinarios latinos. Como bien sabemos, dicha atención, aunque no exclusivamente, tiene su momento cumbre en la administración de los sacramentos. En el presente trabajo nos ocuparemos del estudio acerca de los sacramentos de la iniciación cristiana y el sacramento del matrimonio, ya que su celebración está vinculada con la mayoría de los problemas jurídicos y prácticos, con los que se puede encontrar la Jerarquía latina que lleva la cura pastoral de los fieles orientales. Pretendemos hacer un análisis de las diferencias más relevantes existentes en esta materia entre ambas normativas

Investigation into current industrial practices relating to product lifecycle management in a multi-national manufacturing company

Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) systems have gained growing acceptance for managing all information relating to products throughout their full lifecycle, from idea conceptualisation through operations to servicing and disposal. This paper, through an in-depth exploratory study into a leading power generation manufacturing organisation, presents current PLM issues experienced by manufacturing companies, exploring three separate topics: 1) PLM, 2) Knowledge Management and Lessons Learnt and 3) Product Servicing and Maintenance. Following a review of published literature, results of the investigation are presented, analysing the responses of 17 employees interviewed. With respect to Product Development, it was found that information traceability is time consuming and change management requests take too long to complete. Results relating to knowledge management indicate that the Company operates a ‘who you know’ culture, but do aim to capture lessons learned on the manufacturing shop floor and assembly lines. Therefore, a prototype design is proposed to integrate the capturing of lessons learnt within the existing PLM system

Nutrição mineral de hortaliças: XXIX. absorção de macronutrientes por quatro cultivares de morangueiro (Fragaria spp.)

The aim of this work was to estimate the differences in growth (dry weight basis), nutrients uptake, fruits yield, total uptake and exportation of nutrients among several strawberry cultivars: Campinas (IAC-2712), Camanducaia (IAC-3530), Monte Alegre (IAC-3113) and SH-2. The experimental was carried out in the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", in field conditions, in 1975/76. The soil belongs to Terra Roxa Estruturada type, and "Luiz de Queiroz" serie. This soil has been cultivated for more than 25 years. The experimental design was that randomized blocks with four replications and analysed together following the design of split-plot. The soil of the plots were revolved to a deep of 12 cm following application of 10 kg organic matter/m². The fertilizers were applied in the groove and in the same amount for all cultivars: Ammonium sulfate (20% N), 10 g/m; triple superphosphate (20% P(2)0(5)) 10 g/m; Potassium cloride (60% K(2)0), 10 g/m. Therty days after planting, 10 g/plant of ammonium sulfate was applied. After 76 days from planting, the firsa sample was taken. Other samples were taken in equal intervals of 20 days, up to 216 days. When a decrease in fruitproduction was noted. The sample (plants) were divided in stems, leaves and fruits and chemical analysis were made for N, R, K, Ca, Mg e S. The variation on production (dry matter) nutrient uptake' and fruits yield, were obtained from data calculated by adjusted regression equation analysis. The maxima point from these equations were taken to show the total nutrient uptake. From the data obtained, the following conclusions could be drawn. Growth - The dry matter of stems, leaves and fruits were different among the cultivars. The production of dry matter by the stems and fruits were linnear for all cultivars up to 196 and 216 days. The highest productions on dry matter varied between 15 to 25 g and 12 to 20 g/plant. The maximum production of dry matter in the leaves among the cultivars varied between 20 to 30 g at 196 and 173 days respectivelly. The cultivars Campinas (IAC-2712) and Camanducaia (IAC-3530) produced more dry matter than SH-2 cultivar. Nutrient uptake -< The were differences on nutrient content in stems and leaves among cultivars (R, K, Ca, S, B) and in the fruits for N, R, K, Mg, S. The highest absorption of nutrients (days after planting) is shown in Table I. Yield - No significant difference in fruit production was observed among the cultivars. The highest yield among the cultivars showed a variation between 103 to 151 g per plant at the 207 and 207 days,Efetuou-se um estudo para avaliar a absorção e a extração dos macronutrientes nos seguintes cultivares de morangueiro: Campinas (IAC-2712); Camanducaia (IAC-3530) ; Monte Alegre (IAC-3113) e SH-2 em condições de campo. A instalação deu-se em um solo pertencente ao grande grupo Terra Roxa Estruturada, e à série "Luiz de Queiroz" cultivado intensivamente com hortaliças há mais de 25 anos, em Piracicaba-SP. A adubação aplicada foi uniforme para todos os cultivares. São apresentadas as concentrações dos macronutrientes em porcentagem nos seguintes órgãos: caules, folhas e frutos dos cultivares em função da idade (X) em dias. Constatou-se que os cultivares diferem quanto à absorção dos macronutrientes (R, K, Ca e S em relação a caules e folhas, e, N, R, K, Mg e S em relação aos frutos). Constatou-se também que os cultivares extraem totais diferentes de R, K, Ca, Mg e S sendo as extrações de R pelos cultivares menores do que as extrações de Ca e Mg, e no global as de Mg são equivalentes às de S. As quantidades máximas extraídas pelos cultivares para uma população de 150.000 plantas/ha foram : N - 192 kg; R - 24-50 kg; K - 133-244 kg; Ca - 76-116 kg; Mg - 30-34 kg; S - 13-27 kg. - A maior produção de matéria seca tanto nos órgãos como na planta inteira, ocorreu nos cultivares Campinas (IAC-2712) e Camanducaia (IAC-3530) e a menor produção verificou-se no cultivar SH-2. - Os cultivares diferem na absorção dos nutrientes: R, K, Ca, S para caules e folhas. E para frutos, N, R, K, Mg e S. - Os cultivares atingem o máximo da absorção de nutrientes nos órgãos nas seguintes épocas, em dias: - Os cultivares extraem e exportam totais diferentes de R, K, Ca e Mg. - Tanto os macronutrientes são extraídos em quantidades mais elevadas através das folhas e em menor proporção por caules e frutos. - As extrações de N, K e Ca são mais altas que aquelas dos demais macronutrientes. - As extrações de R pelos cultivares são menores que as de Ca e Mg, sendo ainda as extrações de Ca superiores às de Mg, enquanto no global as de Mg são equivalentes às de S. - A extração de macronutrientes verifica-se na ordem decrescente: K, N, Ca, Mg, S e P

Nasiennictwo roślin ozdobnych w Polsce

W ostatnich latach obserwuje się duże zmiany w nasiennictwie roślin ozdobnych w Polsce. Od roku 1989, gdy powstał wolny rynek na nasiona, produkcja nasion rolniczych i ogrodniczych (w tym kwiatów) zmniejszyła się. Wiele dużych jednostek państwowych, firm ze szklarniami i miejskich kombinatów szklarniowych, które dotąd zawsze kupowały nasiona kwiatów, upadło. Jednocześnie prywatni ogrodnicy mają dziś szerszy dostęp do nasion roślin ozdobnych z importu. Ponadto, na rynku pokazały się duże firmy zagraniczne z ofertą szerokiego asortymentu kwiatów. Dla nasion oferują one nowe, hermetyczne torebki obniżając w nich wagę nasion. Powstanie na rynku supermarketów i centrów ogrodniczych wymusiło nowe działania marketingowe. Zwiększył się import nasion kwiatów pomimo, że pojemność rynku amatorskiego, szacowana na 80-100 milionów torebek rocznie, stale się zmniejsza. Wiele firm nasiennych, które kiedyś sprzedawały tylko nasiona warzyw, ostatnio wzbogaciło swoje oferty o nasiona kwiatów. Dodatkowo, nasiona polskich odmian roślin ozdobnych rozmnażane za granicą weszły na nasz rynek. Prywatyzacja polskich firm nasiennych, choć idzie wolno, będzie w końcu miała wpływ na strategię produkcji, ulepszanie i handel nasionami kwiatów. Polskie normy jakościowe dla nasion kwiatów wymagają uaktualnienia, gdyż dziś mają jedynie charakter minimalny. W nadchodzących latach, spodziewane jest dalsze zwiększenie konkurencji na rynku nasion kwiatów. Reprodukcja nasion kwiatów i ich import do Polski zwiększą się. Pojemność polskiego rynku ustabilizuje się na poziomie 70-75 milionów małych torebek rocznie (razem z warzywami). Na rynku pokażą się ulepszone, skalibrowane, otoczkowane i inkrustowane nasiona. Hodowla nowych odmian, bez subwencji ze strony państwa, ograniczy się do tylko kilku polskich firm.In last years, large changes in ornamental plant seed sector in Poland were observed. Since 1989, when a free seed market was created, the production of agricultural and horticultural seeds (including flower seeds) has decreased. Many large state units, greenhouse enterprises and municipal greenery companies, which used to always buy flower seeds, collapsed. At the same time private gardeners have today a wider access to imported ornamental plant seeds. Moreover, large foreign companies appeared up on the market with a wide assortment of their offer of flower species. Today they offer today new, hermetic bags for seeds, lowering seed weights in them. Development of supermarkets and garden centers of the market forced new marketing activities. The import of flower seeds increased despite the fact that the amateurs market capacity, estimated for 80-100 million small bags per year, has been constantly lowering. Many seed companies, which used to sell only vegetable seeds, enriched their offers by flower seeds lately. In addition, the seeds of Polish ornamental plant cultivars multiplied abroad entered the market. The privatization of the Polish seed companies, although going slowly, will eventually affect the seed production strategy, enhancement and trade of flowers seeds. Polish seed quality standards for flower need updating, because today they are only a minimal character. In the forthcoming years, further increase in the competition on the flower seed market can be expected. The seeds reproduction abroad and their import to Poland will increase. The market capacity in Poland will stabilize at the level of 70-75 min small bags per year (together with vegetables). The enhanced, graded, pelleted and incrusted seeds will show up on the market. The breeding of new cultivars, without subsidization and the state help, will limit it to only a few Polish companies

Wybrane cechy hodowlane i zawartość białka ogólnego w nasionach różnych odmian fasoli adzuki (Phaseolus angularis W.H. White) uprawianej w Środkowej Europie

In the years 2011-2012, thirteen cultivars and breeding lines of Chinese origin adzuki bean (Phaseolus angularis W.H. White) were evaluated for their selected breeding characters and seed protein content in the climatic conditions of Central Europe. In the field experiment, the evaluation included seedlings emergence, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and plant health status. In the laboratory research, the assessments included seed germination as well as seed dry matter and total protein contents. In Western Poland climatic conditions, it was possible to produce seeds of adzuki bean. However, in cold and wet years, they did not set seeds. The tested materials differed in plant emergence, earliness, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and plant health status. The produced seeds had germination capacity from 0 to 54% and no symptoms of bean weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus Say) damage. They also had from 20.01 to 31.91% of total proteins in d. m., which proved they could be a valuable source of plant protein. Amongst the evaluated materials, one breeding line (marked with the letter J) turned out to be the best, whereas the other one (marked Z1) was also interesting for further breeding work.W latach 2011-2012 trzynaście odmian i linii hodowlanych fasoli adzuki (Phaseolus angularis W.H. White) pochodzenia chińskiego, uprawianych w warunkach klimatycznych Europy Środkowej, było oceniane pod względem wybranych cech hodowlanych i zawartości białka ogółem w nasionach. W doświadczeniu polowym oceniano wschody, liczbę łuszczyn na roślinie, liczbę nasion w łuszczynie i stan zdrowotny roślin. Natomiast badania laboratoryjne obejmowały zdolność kiełkowania nasion, suchą masę i ogólną zawartość białka. Produkcja nasion fasoli adzuki w zachodniej Polsce była możliwa. Jednak w zimnym i wilgotnym roku 2012 nasion nie udało się pozyskać. Badane materiały różniły się we wczesności wschodów, liczbie łuszczyn na roślinie, liczbie nasion w łuszczynie i stanem zdrowotnym roślin. Wytworzone nasiona miały zdolność kiełkowania od 0 do 54%. Zawartość białka ogółem w pozyskanych nasionach wyniosła od 20,01 do 31,91% s.m., więc mogą one stanowić dodatkowe źródło cennego białka roślinnego. Wśród ocenianych odmian i linii hodowlanych jedna linia hodowlana (oznaczone literą J) okazała się najlepsza, natomiast druga (Z1) była również interesująca pod względem ocenianych w doświadczeniach cech hodowlanych