PENGENDALIAN SISTEM PEMBENGKOK MATERIAL PADA SIMULATOR MESIN PEMBENGKOK BATANG SILINDER

Dalam dunia industri saat ini, sistem pengendalian proses produksi biasanya merujuk pada penggunaan sistem pengendalian otomatis. Pengendalian sistem kontrol secara otomatis dapat meningkatkan kinerja mesin. Salah satu aplikasi sistem pengendali otomatis dapat diterapkan pada mesin pembengkok (bending machine). Pada sistem kontrol otomatis, komputer berperan sebagai perangkat pengendali yang sebelumnya dilakukan secara manual. Sistem kontrol otomatis ditujukan untuk proses yang berulang-ulang tanpa menurunkan kualitas produksi. Sistem kontrol otomatis sendiri prosesnya lebih teliti dibandingkan sistem kontrol secara manual. Pada tugas akhir, dibuat suatu simulator pembengkok otomatis menggunakan microcontroller ATMega 8535 sebagai sistem pengendali utama. Microcontroller digunakan sebagai pengendali mekanisme pembengkok pada simulator mesin pembengkok batang silinder yang berada di laboratorium Otomasi dan Robotika. Prinsip kerja sistem ini yaitu dengan cara microcontroller memberikan perintah berupa sinyal keluaran yang telah diolah menuju rangkaian sistem pembengkok. Rangkaian sistem pembengkok merupakan rangkaian komponen yang terlebih dahulu menerima perintah dari microcontroller kemudian keluaran dari sistem rangkaian digunakan untuk menggerakan mekanisme mesin pembengkok (Aktuator)

PENGENDALIAN SISTEM PEMBENGKOK MATERIAL PADA SIMULATOR MESIN PEMBENGKOK BATANG SILINDER

Dalam dunia industri saat ini, sistem pengendalian proses produksi biasanya merujuk pada penggunaan sistem pengendalian otomatis. Pengendalian sistem kontrol secara otomatis dapat meningkatkan kinerja mesin. Salah satu aplikasi sistem pengendali otomatis dapat diterapkan pada mesin pembengkok (bending machine). Pada sistem kontrol otomatis, komputer berperan sebagai perangkat pengendali yang sebelumnya dilakukan secara manual. Sistem kontrol otomatis ditujukan untuk proses yang berulang-ulang tanpa menurunkan kualitas produksi. Sistem kontrol otomatis sendiri prosesnya lebih teliti dibandingkan sistem kontrol secara manual. Pada tugas akhir, dibuat suatu simulator pembengkok otomatis menggunakan microcontroller ATMega 8535 sebagai sistem pengendali utama. Microcontroller digunakan sebagai pengendali mekanisme pembengkok pada simulator mesin pembengkok batang silinder yang berada di laboratorium Otomasi dan Robotika. Prinsip kerja sistem ini yaitu dengan cara microcontroller memberikan perintah berupa sinyal keluaran yang telah diolah menuju rangkaian sistem pembengkok. Rangkaian sistem pembengkok merupakan rangkaian komponen yang terlebih dahulu menerima perintah dari microcontroller kemudian keluaran dari sistem rangkaian digunakan untuk menggerakan mekanisme mesin pembengkok (Aktuator)

FORMULATION, DEVELOPMENT AND IN-VITRO RELEASE EFFECTS OF ETHYL CELLULOSE COATED PECTIN MICROSPHERES FOR COLON TARGETING

Objective: The objective of present investigation is to design a colon targeted microspheres of 5-flourouracil by using natural polysaccharide based carrier which is inexpensive and naturally occurring and also having hydrophilic and swelling properties. Methods: The pectin microspheres were prepared by ionotropic-external gelation technique and drug loaded pectin microspheres were coated with ethyl cellulose by co-acervation phase separation method. Results and Conclusion: The in-vitro drug release effects behavior of 5-flourouracil microspheres done in various pH conditions for pectin microspheres, ethyl cellulose coated pectin microspheres and ethyl cellulose coated pectin microspheres in presence of pectinase enzyme up to 12 hr. The prepared microspheres were characterized by entrapment efficiency, particle size, micromeritic properties, in-vitro release behavior, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) etc. It was observed that increasing the polymer concentration along with the cross-linking time given the better affect of microspheres characteristic and percentage release of drug.   Key words: 5-Flourouracil; Natural Polysaccharide; Ethyl cellulose; Ionotropic gelatination; Pectinase enzyme

Numerical solution of singularly perturbed problems using Haar wavelet collocation method

Abstract: In this paper, a collocation method based on Haar wavelets is proposed for the numerical solutions of singularly perturbed boundary value problems. The properties of the Haar wavelet expansions together with operational matrix of integration are utilized to convert the problems into systems of algebraic equations with unknown coefficients. To demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the method various benchmark problems are implemented and the comparisons are given with other methods existing in the recent literature. The demonstrated results confirm that the proposed method is considerably efficient, accurate, simple, and computationally attractive

Prevalensi Infeksi Menular Seksual, Faktor Risiko Dan Perilaku Di Kalangan Anak Jalanan Yang Dibina Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat Di Jakarta, Tahun 2000

A rough estimate of 4 to 20 thousand children work and/or live in the streets of Jakarta. These children are at the ages where sexual awareness and activities are rising. Living in an environment where regulations and socio-spiritual norms are more lax gives them more freedom to be sexually active. Previous study showed that many of them were forced to start sexual lives at early age by older peers, some were forced to enter prostitution. All of these put the street children at high risk to get sexually transmitted infections (STI), including HIV. So far, there had not been any STI survey study conducted among this community in Indonesia. The objectives of this study were to measure the prevalence of gonorrhoea, chlamydia, syphilis, and HIV infection among male street children in Jakarta, and to investigate their risky behaviours. In the year 2000, male street children aged 10 to 20 years in Jakarta who were reached-out by NGOs were interviewed using a short questionnaire. Specimens of venous blood, urethral, anal and throat swabs were taken for laboratory tests. As the results, among the 274 children who participated, more than half (58.4%) were children "on" the street (had somewhat regular contact with their family), and the rest were children "of" the street (little or no contact with the family). Knowledge of STI was low, while 22.3%) admitted to be sexually active (one out of 3 children "of" the street). Condom use was very low: 85.2% among the sexually active never used condoms and only 5% used it continuously. The prevalence of gonorrhoea was 7.7%, chlamydia 7.4%, syphilis 0%, and HIV 0%. Self-treatment was practiced by 31.4% of the participants

Understanding the context of balanced scorecard implementation: a hospital-based case study in pakistan

Background: As a response to a changing operating environment, healthcare administrators are implementing modern management tools in their organizations. The balanced scorecard (BSC) is considered a viable tool in high-income countries to improve hospital performance. The BSC has not been applied to hospital settings in low-income countries nor has the context for implementation been examined. This study explored contextual perspectives in relation to BSC implementation in a Pakistani hospital. Methods: Four clinical units of this hospital were involved in the BSC implementation based on their willingness to participate. Implementation included sensitization of units towards the BSC, developing specialty specific BSCs and reporting of performance based on the BSC during administrative meetings. Pettigrew and Whipp\u27s context (why), process (how) and content (what) framework of strategic change was used to guide data collection and analysis. Data collection methods included quantitative tools (a validated culture assessment questionnaire) and qualitative approaches including key informant interviews and participant observation.Results: Method triangulation provided common and contrasting results between the four units. A participatory culture, supportive leadership, financial and non-financial incentives, the presentation of clear direction by integrating support for the BSC in policies, resources, and routine activities emerged as desirable attributes for BSC implementation. The two units that lagged behind were more involved in direct inpatient care and carried a considerable clinical workload. Role clarification and consensus about the purpose and benefits of the BSC were noted as key strategies for overcoming implementation challenges in two clinical units that were relatively ahead in BSC implementation. It was noted that, rather than seeking to replace existing information systems, initiatives such as the BSC could be readily adopted if they are built on existing infrastructures and data networks. Conclusion: Variable levels of the BSC implementation were observed in this study. Those intending to apply the BSC in other hospital settings need to ensure a participatory culture, clear institutional mandate, appropriate leadership support, proper reward and recognition system, and sensitization to BSC benefits

Characterizing the morbid genome of ciliopathies

Background Ciliopathies are clinically diverse disorders of the primary cilium. Remarkable progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis of these genetically heterogeneous conditions; however, our knowledge of their morbid genome, pleiotropy, and variable expressivity remains incomplete. Results We applied genomic approaches on a large patient cohort of 371 affected individuals from 265 families, with phenotypes that span the entire ciliopathy spectrum. Likely causal mutations in previously described ciliopathy genes were identified in 85% (225/265) of the families, adding 32 novel alleles. Consistent with a fully penetrant model for these genes, we found no significant difference in their “mutation load” beyond the causal variants between our ciliopathy cohort and a control non-ciliopathy cohort. Genomic analysis of our cohort further identified mutations in a novel morbid gene TXNDC15, encoding a thiol isomerase, based on independent loss of function mutations in individuals with a consistent ciliopathy phenotype (Meckel-Gruber syndrome) and a functional effect of its deficiency on ciliary signaling. Our study also highlighted seven novel candidate genes (TRAPPC3, EXOC3L2, FAM98C, C17orf61, LRRCC1, NEK4, and CELSR2) some of which have established links to ciliogenesis. Finally, we show that the morbid genome of ciliopathies encompasses many founder mutations, the combined carrier frequency of which accounts for a high disease burden in the study population. Conclusions Our study increases our understanding of the morbid genome of ciliopathies. We also provide the strongest evidence, to date, in support of the classical Mendelian inheritance of Bardet-Biedl syndrome and other ciliopathies

Clinico-radiological features, molecular spectrum, and identification of prognostic factors in developmental and epileptic encephalopathy due to inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPase) deficiency

Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 35 (DEE 35) is a severe neurological condition caused by biallelic variants in ITPA, encoding inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase, an essential enzyme in purine metabolism. We delineate the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of DEE 35, analyzing possible predictors for adverse clinical outcomes. We investigated a cohort of 28 new patients and reviewed previously described cases, providing a comprehensive characterization of 40 subjects. Exome sequencing was performed to identify underlying ITPA pathogenic variants. Brain MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans were systematically analyzed to delineate the neuroradiological spectrum. Survival curves according to the Kaplan–Meier method and log-rank test were used to investigate outcome predictors in different subgroups of patients. We identified 18 distinct ITPA pathogenic variants, including 14 novel variants, and two deletions. All subjects showed profound developmental delay, microcephaly, and refractory epilepsy followed by neurodevelopmental regression. Brain MRI revision revealed a recurrent pattern of delayed myelination and restricted diffusion of early myelinating structures. Congenital microcephaly and cardiac involvement were statistically significant novel clinical predictors of adverse outcomes. We refined the molecular, clinical, and neuroradiological characterization of ITPase deficiency, and identified new clinical predictors which may have a potentially important impact on diagnosis, counseling, and follow-up of affected individuals