Potential and limits of InSAR to characterize interseismic deformation independently of GPS data: Application to the southern San Andreas Fault system

The evaluation of long-wavelength deformation associated with interseismic strain accumulation traditionally relies on spatially sparse GPS measurements, or on high spatial-resolution InSAR velocity fields aligned to a GPS-based model. In this approach the InSAR contributes only short-wavelength deformation and the two data sets are dependent, thereby challenging the evaluation of the InSAR uncertainties and the justification of atmospheric corrections. Here we present an analysis using 7 years of Envisat InSAR data to characterize interseismic deformation along the southern San Andreas Fault (SAF) and the San Jacinto Fault (SJF) in southern California, where the SAF bifurcates onto the Mission Creek (MCF) and the Banning (BF) fault strands. We outline the processing steps for using InSAR alone to characterize both the short- and long-wavelength deformation, and evaluate the velocity field uncertainties with independent continuous GPS data. InSAR line-of-sight (LOS) and continuous GPS velocities agree within ∼1–2 mm/yr in the study area, suggesting that multiyear InSAR time series can be used to characterize interseismic deformation with a higher spatial resolution than GPS. We investigate with dislocation models the ability of this mean LOS velocity field to constrain fault slip rates and show that a single viewing geometry can help distinguish between different slip-rate scenarios on the SAF and SJF (∼35 km apart) but multiple viewing geometries are needed to differentiate slip on the MCF and BF (<12 km apart). Our results demonstrate that interseismic models of strain accumulation used for seismic hazards assessment would benefit from the consideration of InSAR mean velocity maps

Neutral Intramolecular Hydrogen-Bonded Bases

B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ computations were carried out on polyamines with up to seven amino groups. The gas-phase proton affinities of these compounds are 219.6 (1-BuNH2), 238.6 (H2NCH2CH2CH2CH2NH2), 252.8 [(H2NCH2CH2CH2)2CHNH2], 261.3 [(H2NCH2CH2CH2)2CNH2 (1)], and 288.5 kcal mol−1 [(H2NCH2CH2CH(NH2)CH2CH2)2CNH2]. These results indicate that the tetraamine is near the top of the basicity scale and the heptaamine is more basic than any neutral organic compound which has been measured to date. A gas-phase equilibrium acidity determination between 1 and DBU also was carried out, and PA(1) = 256.2 ± 2.1 kcal mol−1 was obtained. This demonstrates that multiple intramolecular hydrogen bonds can greatly increase basicities, and represents a new motif for designing super bases

Numerical and Physical Modeling of the Effect of Roughness Height on Cavitation Index in Chute Spillways

© 2019, Iran University of Science and Technology. This study presents the results of physical and numerical modeling of the effect of bed roughness height of chute spillways on the cavitation index. A 1:50-scale physical hydraulic model of the chute spillway of Surk Dam was constructed at the hydraulic laboratory of Shahrekord University, Iran. The experiments were conducted for different flow rates and the parameters of pressure, velocity, and flow depth in 26 positions along the chute. Finally, the ANSYS-FLUENT model was calibrated in the chute spillway using the experimental data by assumptions of two-phase volume of fluid and k–ε (RNG) turbulence models. The cavitation index in different sections of the chute spillway was calculated for different values of bed roughness including the roughness heights of 1, 2, and 2.5 mm. Results showed that the minimum values of the cavitation index were 0.2906, 0.2733, and 0.2471 for the roughness heights of 1, 2, and 2.5 mm, respectively. The statistical significance analysis showed that reducing the roughness height from 2.5 to 1 mm would not change significantly the value of the cavitation index at 95% confidence interval

Mapping Unimarc Fields to FRBR Entities and User Tasks

Frbrizing OPACs is viewed from two different angles: the system approach and the user approach. The first deals with different requirements of a system to be Frbrized automatically. The second regards the user as the integral element which any system attempts to serve. Due to the very huge number of MARC records stored in our OPAC databases, data mining MARC records to find different FRBR entities or user functions has been a dominant approach in Frbrizing systems. An in-depth study in this regard has been conducted on MARC 21 but there is no evident attempt performing the same job on Unimarc or its different national derivations/adaptations. This study aims at mapping Unimarc fields and subfields to FRBR entities (1st group: Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item) and also user functions (Find, Identify, Select, Obtain). For this purpose, Unimarc fields (0XX – 7XX) were mapped to FRBR and those fields relevant for identifying entities or supporting different user tasks were identified. After pointing out some major gaps and also strengths of Unimarc for Frbrization, some concluding remarks have been made

Alpha localized radiolysis and corrosion mechanisms at the iron/water interface: Role of molecular species

This paper is devoted to the iron corrosion phenomena induced by the α (4He2+) water radiolysis species studied in conjunction with the production/consumption of H2 at the solid/solution interface. On one hand, the solid surface is characterized during the 4He2+ ions irradiation by in situ Raman spectroscopy; on another hand, the H2 gas produced by the water radiolysis is monitored by ex situ gas measurements. The 4He2+ ions irradiation experiments are provided either by the CEMHTI (E = 5.0 MeV) either by the ARRONAX (E = 64.7 MeV) cyclotron facilities. The iron corrosion occurs only under irradiation and can be slowed down by H2 reductive atmosphere. Pure iron and carbon steel solids are studied in order to show two distinct behaviors of these surfaces vs. the 4He2+ ions water irradiation: the corrosion products identified are the magnetite phase (Fe(II)Fe(III)2O4) correlated to an H2 consumption for pure iron and the lepidocrocite phase (γ-Fe(III)OOH) correlated to an H2 production for carbon steel sample. This paper underlined the correlation between the iron corrosion products formation onto the solid surface and the H2 production/consumption mechanisms. H2O2 species is considered as the single water radiolytic species involved into the corrosion reaction at the solid surface with an essential role in the oxidation reaction of the iron surface. We propose to bring some light to these mechanisms, in particular the H2 and H2O2 roles, by the in situ Raman spectroscopy during and after the 4He2+ ions beam irradiation. This in situ experiment avoids the evolution of the solid surface, in particular phases which are reactive to the oxidation processing

Interseismic coupling and refined earthquake potential on the Hayward-Calaveras fault zone

Interseismic strain accumulation and fault creep is usually estimated from GPS and alignment arrays data, which provide precise but spatially sparse measurements. Here we use interferometric synthetic aperture radar to resolve the interseismic deformation associated with the Hayward and Calaveras Faults (HF and CF) in the East San Francisco Bay Area. The large 1992–2011 SAR data set permits evaluation of short- and long-wavelength deformation larger than 2 mm/yr without alignment of the velocity field to a GPS-based model. Our time series approach in which the interferogram selection is based on the spatial coherence enables deformation mapping in vegetated areas and leads to refined estimates of along-fault surface creep rates. Creep rates vary from 0 ± 2 mm/yr on the northern CF to 14 ± 2 mm/yr on the central CF south of the HF surface junction. We estimate the long-term slip rates by inverting the long-wavelength deformation and the distribution of shallow slip due to creep by inverting the remaining velocity field. This distribution of slip reveals the locations of locked and slowly creeping patches with potential for a M6.8 ± 0.3 on the HF near San Leandro, a M6.6 ± 0.2 on the northern CF near Dublin, a M6.5 ± 0.1 on the HF south of Fremont, and a M6.2 ± 0.2 on the central CF near Morgan Hill. With cascading multisegment ruptures the HF rupturing from Berkeley to the CF junction could produce a M6.9 ± 0.1, the northern CF a M6.6 ± 0.1, the central CF a M6.9 ± 0.2 from the junction to Gilroy, and a joint rupture of the HF and central CF could produce a M7.1 ± 0.1

Disabilities and Activities of Daily Living Among Veterans With Old Hip Disarticulation and Transpelvic Amputation

Background: The Iran-Iraq imposed war lasted eight years and was one of the longest wars of the last century. Twenty-three years have passed since the war ended, but little has been discussed about the long-term results of war amputations in the literature. Objectives: In this long-term study, we have evaluated the activities of daily living among veterans with hip or hemipelvis amputations. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on Iran-Iraq war veterans with hip or hemipelvis amputations in Iran. Eighty-four (96.5%) veterans out of 87 registered veterans with hip or hemipelvis amputations participated in the study. The degree of independence for activities of daily living (ADL) was assessed by the Barthel index. The degree of independence for instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) was assessed by the Lawton-Brody scale. Results: The average follow-up time was 26.6 ± 3.7 years. The average age of veterans was 44.1±7 years old. Of 84 amputees, 57 (67.85%) had limitations in at least one domain of the ADL. The most common single item that affected the patients was ascending and descending stairs seen in 45 (78.9%) veterans, followed by eating seen in 4 (7.01%) veterans. In addition, 70 (83.33%) had limitations in at least one domain of the IADL. The most common single item that affected the veterans was shopping seen in 56 (80%), followed by responsibility for own medications seen in 13 (18.57%) veterans. Spearman correlation coefficient of the sum scores of ADL and IADL showed an intermediate to strong correlation (r = 0.58). Conclusions: Increasing dependency in ADL is accompanied by increasing dependency in IADL. In the past, the duty of health care providers was saving the life of veterans due to injuries while at present, because these injuries occurred in young and healthy individuals, the need for increased function is being highlighted