IoT based Water Management System

The conventional technique of measuring the quality of water is to gather the samples manually and send it laboratory for analysis, but this technique is time overwhelming and not economical. Since it is not feasible to take the water sample to the laboratory after every hour for measuring its quality. The water quality measuring system can measure the essential qualities of water in real time. The system consists of multiple sensors to measure the standard of water, microcontroller and wifi modem to send the information to the watching center. It's a true time system which is able to endlessly measure the standard of water and can send the measured values to the watching center when each predefinedtime. During the past decade, water needs have increased unpredictably in India. Increasing demand of water supply has become a major challenge for the world. Wasteful usage of water, climatic changes and Urbanization has further depleted the resource. Conservation and management of the resource must be given utmost importance. In this paper, we present an IoT design for water monitoring and control approach which supports internet based data collection on real time bases. This paper proposes a system that addresses new challenges in the water sector -flow rate measuring and the need for a study of the supply of water in order to curb water wastage and encourage its conservation. We also measure the quality of water distributed to every household by deploying pH and conductivity sensors. The traditional water metering systems require periodic human intervention for maintenance making it inconvenient and often least effective. This system is designed to overcome for shortcoming of the existing models for a ubiquitous usage of wireless systems for smart quality monitoring and communicate datawirelessly

EPR measurement of Cu2+-fe2+ exchange in FeSif6 · 6H20 at 4.2 K

Six inequivalent Cu2+ EPR spectra were observed at 4.2 K in single crystals of FeSiF 6 • 6H20. The estimated parametersgz ---2.38 and 8=40°, where 8 is the angle between the ionicz axis and the c axis, differ from those measured in crystals of similar structure. Thes~ differences have been explained in terms of an isotropic Cu2+ -Fe2+ exchange Hamiltonian JS1 • S2, with J = + (0.030 ± 0.003) em - 1 ' which gives a contribution gex = - 5.05 J sin2 e, where e is the angle between the external magnetic field and the z axis. Perpendicular to the c axis, an independent estimate of + 0.034 em -I for J was made from the low-field displacement of a satellite spectru

Ostwald Absorption Coefficients of Gases in Liquids: Correlation with Solute-Solvent Interaction Energy

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Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells by Nuclear Reprogramming

During embryonic development pluripotency is progressively lost irreversibly by cell division, differentiation, migration and organ formation. Terminally differentiated cells do not generate other kinds of cells. Pluripotent stem cells are a great source of varying cell types that are used for tissue regeneration or repair of damaged tissue. The pluripotent stem cells can be derived from inner cell mass of blastocyte but its application is limited due to ethical concerns. The recent discovery of iPS with defined reprogramming factors has initiated a flurry of works on stem cell in various laboratories. The pluripotent cells can be derived from various differentiated adult cells as well as from adult stem cells by nuclear reprogramming, somatic cell nuclear transfer etc. In this review article, different aspects of nuclear reprogramming are discussed

Information Theory and Multivariate Techniques for Analyzing DNA Sequence Data: An Example from Tomato Genes

oai:nepjol:article/3867DNA and amino acid sequences are alphabetic symbols having no underlying metric. Use of information theory is one of the solutions for sequence metric problems. The reflection of DNA sequence complexity in phenotype stability might be useful for crop improvement. Shannon-Weaver index (Shannon Entropy, H') and mutual information (MI) index were estimated from DNA sequences of 22 genes, consisted of two gene families of tomato, namely disease resistance and fruit quality. Main objective was use of information theory and multivariate techniques to understand diversity among genes and relate the sequence complexity with phenotypes. The normalized H' value ranged from 0.429 to 0.461. The highest diversity was observed in the gene Crtr-B (beta carotene hydroxylase). Two principal components which accounted for 36.65% variation placed these genes into four groups. Groupings of these genes by both principal component and cluster analyses showed clearly the similarity at phenotypes levels within cluster. Sequences similarity among genes was observed within a family. Diversity assessment of genes applying information theory should link to understand the sequences complexity with respect to gene stability for example stability of resistance gene.Key words: Diversity analysis; DNA sequences; principal component analysis; tomato genesNepal Journal of Biotechnology, 2011, Vol. 1, No. 1 pp.1-