Wake interaction and power production of variable height model wind farms

Understanding wake dynamics is an ongoing research topic in wind energy, since wakes have considerable effects on the power production when wind turbines are placed in a wind farm. Wind tunnel experiments have been conducted to study the wake to wake interaction in a model wind farm in tandem with measurements of the extracted power. The aim is to investigate how alternating mast height influences the interaction of the wakes and the power production. Via the use of stereo-particle image velocimetry, the flow field was obtained in the first and last rows of the wind turbine array as a basis of comparison. It was found that downstream of the exit row wind turbine, the power was increased by 25% in the case of a staggered height configuration. This is partly due to the fact that the taller turbines reach into a flow area with a softened velocity gradient. Another aspect is that the wake downstream of a tall wind turbine to some extent passes above the standard height wind turbine. Overall the experiments show that the velocity field downstream of the exit row changes considerably when the mast height is alternating

Representing complex data using localized principal components with application to astronomical data

Often the relation between the variables constituting a multivariate data space might be characterized by one or more of the terms: ``nonlinear'', ``branched'', ``disconnected'', ``bended'', ``curved'', ``heterogeneous'', or, more general, ``complex''. In these cases, simple principal component analysis (PCA) as a tool for dimension reduction can fail badly. Of the many alternative approaches proposed so far, local approximations of PCA are among the most promising. This paper will give a short review of localized versions of PCA, focusing on local principal curves and local partitioning algorithms. Furthermore we discuss projections other than the local principal components. When performing local dimension reduction for regression or classification problems it is important to focus not only on the manifold structure of the covariates, but also on the response variable(s). Local principal components only achieve the former, whereas localized regression approaches concentrate on the latter. Local projection directions derived from the partial least squares (PLS) algorithm offer an interesting trade-off between these two objectives. We apply these methods to several real data sets. In particular, we consider simulated astrophysical data from the future Galactic survey mission Gaia.Comment: 25 pages. In "Principal Manifolds for Data Visualization and Dimension Reduction", A. Gorban, B. Kegl, D. Wunsch, and A. Zinovyev (eds), Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering, Springer, 2007, pp. 180--204, http://www.springer.com/dal/home/generic/search/results?SGWID=1-40109-22-173750210-

Occupation and workplace policies predict smoking behaviors: Analysis of national data from the current population survey

OBJECTIVE: Describe differences in smoking behaviors associated with occupation, workplace rules against smoking, and workplace smoking cessation programs. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Current Population Survey- Tobacco Use Supplement surveys from 1992 through 2007. RESULTS: After adjusting for demographic factors, blue-collar workers were at higher risk than white-collar workers for ever smoking, current smoking, and persistent smoking (current smoking among ever smokers). Construction workers were more likely to be current daily smokers than other blue-collar workers. Among ever smokers, current daily smoking was more common in the absence of both workplace rules against smoking and workplace smoking cessation programs. CONCLUSIONS: Social or cultural effects related to occupation are important determinants of smoking. More aggressive promotion of smoking cessation programs and workplace rules prohibiting smoking could have a significant public health impact

Bloodstream infections with metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Epidemiology, microbiology, and clinical outcomes

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains that produce metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) are becoming increasingly prevalent. We evaluated the epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of monomicrobial bloodstream infections caused by MBL-producing P. aeruginosa isolates, as well as the clinical outcomes in patients with these infections.Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, BR-04023062 São Paulo, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Infect Dis, BR-04023062 São Paulo, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Lab Alerta, Hosp São Paulo, BR-04023062 São Paulo, SP, BrazilUNIFESP, EPM, Hosp São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilHosp Israelita Albert Einstein, Intens Care Unit, São Paulo, BrazilVirginia Commonwealth Univ, Coll Med, Dept Internal Med, Richmond, VA USAUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, BR-04023062 São Paulo, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Infect Dis, BR-04023062 São Paulo, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Lab Alerta, Hosp São Paulo, BR-04023062 São Paulo, SP, BrazilUNIFESP, EPM, Hosp São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Dredging 1990 resource people

Handwritten list of resources/contacts, their institutions, and their qualifications, to weigh in on dredging proposals. Includes people from Winona State University, Wisconsin and Minnesota DNR, St. Mary\u27s College, and the Lake Winona Committee. 2 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.https://openriver.winona.edu/calfremlingpapers/1053/thumbnail.jp

Lake Winona dredging, 1995

Folder of documents concerning master plan for dredging Lake Winona and filling Riverbend Industrial Park, dated March 29, 1995. Also includes handwritten notes on financial/budgeting items, contact information, fill details, and a March 31, 1995 Braun report with discussion about results and reliability. Documents annotated. 8 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.https://openriver.winona.edu/calfremlingpapers/1070/thumbnail.jp

Winona Post Lake Winona fish kill article

Clipping from the Winona Post & Shopper, July 29, 1998 issue, of article titled Natural factors cause Lake Winona fish kill by Jerome Christenson. Includes interview with Cal Fremling. 2 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.https://openriver.winona.edu/calfremlingpapers/1080/thumbnail.jp

Trempealeau water levels for aerial photos

A list of water level data for maps and photos on specific dates, for Trempealeau, Wisconsin. 1 page. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.https://openriver.winona.edu/calfremlingpapers/1096/thumbnail.jp

Mississippi River Fisheries: A Case History

Article by Calvin R. Fremling, Jerry L. Rasmussen, Richard E. Sparks, Stephen P. Cobb, C. Fred Bryan, and Thomas O. Claflin regarding human industry and impact on the fish populations of the Mississippi River, interactions between upper and lower river valleys, fish types, commercial fish harvests, water quality, and fishery projections. Abstract: The Mississippi River (MR) is severely regulated, mainly for transportation and flood control. The Headwaters (HW) flow through 9 eutrophic and mesotrophic glacial lakes and 11 dams. Intensive channelization of the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) for navigation was begun in 1878, and the river is now routinely dredged. Broad, shallow impoundments were created on the UMR when 29 navigation dams were constructed during the 1930s to create a slack-water navigation channel 2.7 —m deep between St. Louis, Missouri, and St. Paul, Minnesota. The Lower Mississippi River (LMR) has been channelized and shortened 229 km, but remains undammed; its natural floodplain has been decreased about 90% by levee construction begun in 1727. The Atchafalaya River (AR), a major distributary and distinct ecological component, normally receives about 20% of the discharge of the mainstem MR. MR backwaters are important fish production and nursery habitats, and most may be lost to sedimentation and eutrophication within 50 yr. Louisiana\u27s coastal wetlands are critical to marine fishes and invertebrates, and about 0.6% are being lost yearly to natural and human-induced forces, including levees which divert sediment directly into the Gulf of Mexico, instead of allowing it to build up the delta during annual floods. Although the supply of organic matter (OM) carried downstream in the main channel exceeds requirements for secondary production within the river, the bulk of this OM may be recalcitrant and of little nutritional value to invertebrates and fish. Distribution of 241 fish species reported from mainstem MR and AR has been influenced mainly by glaciation, natural barriers and human activities; species diversity generally increases downstream. Estimated annual UMR commercial fish harvest has ranged from 22.9 kg*ha-1 to 32.8 kg*ha-1 with standing stock estimates ranging as high as 1.035 kg*ha-1. in a tributary mouth of the Middle Mississippi River (MMR). Average standing stock in backwaters within the unleveed AR basin is 860 kg*ha-1. Annual harvest of sport fish on the UMR ranges from 15.9 kg*ha-1 in northern pools to 2.9 kg*ha-1 in southern pools. Throughout the MR and AR, sport fishing contributes much more to the economy than commercial fishing. A positive relation exists between area of inundated AR floodplain and commercial harvest of aquatic animals whose life spans approximate one year. There are fewer fishing regulations on the LMR and AR than on the HW, UMR, or MMR but they are considered adequate because the fishery apparently accommodates local demands. Recent environmental legislation requires mitigation for loss of fish and wildlife habitat, as well as rehabilitation of areas already degraded. Article reprinted as a distinct publication from Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 106, Proceedings of the International Large River Symposium. Edited by Douglas P. Dodge. Produced by Fisheries and Oceans, Canada. 44 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.https://openriver.winona.edu/calfremlingpapers/1033/thumbnail.jp

LCMR mitigation plan

Correspondence and report for the proposed dredging plans for Lake Winona and Riverbend Industrial Park. Memo from Robert J. Bollant to Calvin R. Fremling detailing engineering costs, and general report outline with expanded construction costs. Report is duplicated elsewhere in collection, in folders related to the 1991 Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources proposals created by Fremling and colleagues. 3 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.https://openriver.winona.edu/calfremlingpapers/1052/thumbnail.jp