Розвиток машинобудування в Україні в контексті забезпечення розширеного відтворення економіки

У статті досліджено сучасне становище сегменту машинобудування України з наголосом на забезпечення відтворювальних процесів усередині галузі.В статье исследовано современное положение сегмента машиностроения Украины с акцентом на обеспечение воспроизводственных процессов внутри отрасли.This article explores contemporary situation of Ukrainian machine building segment with an emphasis on providing reproductive processes within the industry

New methodological perspectives on the valuation of ecosystem services: toward a dynamic-integrated valuation approach.

The main objective of this paper is to present what is considered as methodological perspectives in the field of valuation of ecosystem services. The contributions presented here are based on the general assumption that if, on the one hand, we can recognize the inadequacy of the isolated use of the valuation methods, on the other we assume that efforts to refine and expand the scope of ecosystem services valuation should consider the progress already made, not ignoring altogether methods already used. Based on the stance that there should be a joining of efforts to improve the accuracy of ecosystem services valuation and starting from the assumption that the complexity and uncertainty surrounding ecosystem services require a trans-disciplinary analysis, the contribution beckons an approach referred to here as dynamic-integrated. It is dynamic because it considers the trajectory of ecosystem services over time in terms of its main drivers of change (land use dynamic, for example), and integrated in that it takes into account not just the economic values but other dimensions of ecosystem services values

Mapping nitrate leaching to upper groundwater in the sandy regions of The Netherlands, using conceptual knowledge

The European Community asks its Member States to provide a comprehensive and coherent overview of their groundwater chemical status. It is stated that simple conceptual models are necessary to allow assessments of the risks of failing to meet quality objectives. In The Netherlands two monitoring networks (one for agriculture and one for nature) are operational, providing results which can be used for an overview. Two regression models, based upon simple conceptual models, link measured nitrate concentrations to data from remote sensing images of land use, national forest inventory, national cattle inventory, fertiliser use statistics, atmospheric N deposition, soil maps and weather monitoring. The models are used to draw a nitrate leaching map and to estimate the size of the area exceeding the EU limit value in the early 1990s. The 95% confidence interval for the fraction nature and agricultural areas where the EU limit value for nitrate (50 mg/l) was exceeded amounted to 0.77–0.85 while the lower 97.5% confidence limit for the fraction agricultural area where the EU limit value was exceeded amounted to 0.94. Although the two conceptual models can be regarded as simple, the use of the models to give an overview was experienced as complex

Coastal ecosystem services and climate change: Case study for integrated modeling and valuation

Since the publication of global studies about ecosystem health and their importance to society, understanding and valuing ecosystem services (ES) has been gaining attention. Measuring undesired drivers that impact these services is crucial for planning sound socio-economic policies. This work explores how the coastal ES from Ubatuba, Brazil might behave following climate and tourists’ management scenarios. A new model, embracing ecological functions and their interactions with the city was built and through benefit transfer methods, the value of ten ecosystem services was calculated. Results show that all ES will be affected by the climate scenarios and by tourism reduction. The conclusion is that the region can provide these 10 ES with an economic value of 622 M dollars (± 3.6 M dollars) from 2010 to 2100. When climate change is considered, the values most likely decline from −1.23% (±2.96%) or −7.5 M dollars (±3.8 M dollars) to −2.34% (±3.88%) or −14 M dollars (± 6.3 M dollars) depending on the scenario. Results also show the possibility of an increase in the aggregate ES values due to the climate scenario effect, but it is less likely to occur. Controlling the population visiting the area is the main policy advice from this research which can lead to positive effects on the ES provision in all scenarios

Socio-ecological systems modelling of coastal urban area under a changing climate – Case study for Ubatuba, Brazil

Understanding the complex dynamics between society and nature is a critical contribution of ecological modelling. Integrated views of human-nature relations as well as tools and frameworks for studying these relations are gaining ground. A socio-ecological systems (SES) perspective therefore embraces both social and environmental factors that uses nonlinearities, feedbacks, models, and multi-level networks for understanding and studying those phenomena. When undesired drivers as climate change are also taken into account, the most urgent question is how these critical socio–ecological systems will behave given the stresses they endure. This work had the objective of creating a new simulation of a coastal SES from Brazil that is able to integrate several climatic and social variables through a dynamic and coupled model, and forecast its behavior in the future according to scenarios. Specifically, a systems dynamics simulation model using MIMES (Multiscale Integrated Model of Ecosystem Services) was developed for Ubatuba, a coastal city highly dependent and influenced by tourism. Results showed good correspondence between the model and the data when testing several environmental inputs (wind speed and direction, cloud cover, sea surface temperature, precipitation patterns). The model simulated the population dynamics of 15 biological groups from 2010 to 2100 under different scenarios. Climate change will reduce most of populations in a range from −0.13% (± 0.0%) to −10.31% (± 0.0%). There are groups where the influence of climate change is not significant (Bivalve, Brachyuran, pelagic feeding fish and benthic feeding fish) with variations from 0 to 2% and others with moderate significance (Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, and Enterococcus) with variations >2%. Tourists reacting to water quality degradation is very relevant in Enterococcus population (with a reduction of 34%). Results show the urban activities strongly influencing the biological populations and that these impacts depend on the scenario context. This suggests a policy that limits the number of tourists and increases the water quality at the same time. Therefore, the model's spatial simulation of this complex socio-ecological system can be used to develop an integrative decision-making tool to help the city manage its natural capital and adapt to its changes

How social-ecological systems resilience unfolds from distinct worldviews

Resilience is a critically important factor to consider for sustainably managing natural resources and social-ecological systems (SESs). Each social system will, collectively, have its own goals for how resources are perceived and the principles that underpin their resilience, and, multiple actors, individually, will approach the question with different perspectives. Here, we represent these plural perspectives in terms of worldviews, using the typologies from cultural theory. We combined the underpinning resilience principles from a previously built SES model to assess the extent to which these worldviews influence the results. Resilience was measured using a prototype Dynamic Resilience Index (DRI) validated in a previous publication. The results show the resilience of our SESs will behave in three different ways depending on each worldview used. Free markets (individualists) start the simulation period with a higher resilience. Strong governance (hierarchy) will take a higher position around 2025 and maintain the best value to the end of the simulation in 2100. The precautionary principle (egalitarians) starts with the lowest values for the DRI but ends closer to the strong governance, and it is the only worldview that increased its resilience throughout the simulation. Each worldview couples better to a particular management approach, and the SES behavior responds accordingly. The relevance for the governance of the SES is great as each worldview brings flawed contributions to resilience and wellbeing. Our research also shows that a possible negotiated solution between these worldviews would locate resilience inside the “solution space,” which is graphically determined and discussed. Adopting each worldview is then discussed in terms of contributions and problems they imply to the system's resilience