Decolonizing the histories of Helen Hunt Jackson and Gertrude Simmons Bonnin.

What is decolonization and how does it work? The concept of decolonization surfaced during "the global Indigenous activism in the 1970s." Although the idea is not new, it has been given little attention by mainstream historians. A discussion of the meaning of decolonization begins with an understanding that colonization means to settle in a colony or colonies. For example, England and Spain began establishing colonies on the lands of the Indigenous Nations of the Americas in the 16th and 17th centuries. Thus, the United States began as a loosely united group of colonies making decolonization a logical consequence. As such, decolonization means to remove or mitigate the consequences of colonization. According to Susan A. Miller (Seminole), "decolonization is a process designed to shed and recover from the ill effects of colonization." In this thesis, I utilize case studies of two women to demonstrate how decolonizing history using an Indigenous lens can construct a more comprehensive history and produce a distinct narrative from a Native American perspective. I argue using this methodology recasts the activism of Helen Hunt Jackson and Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (Yankton Nakota) as the progenitor to modern Native American rights movements. The political activism of Jackson and Bonnin resides within literary journals shadowed by analyses of their fiction and poetry. Utilizing a different perspective revealed the stories of two women whose work made a significant impact on relations between the United States government and Native American nations that was generally less celebrated among historians. The object of this research project is to use an Indigenous perspective to decolonize and reclaim the histories of Helen Hunt Jackson and Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (Yankton Nakota) and their activism for Native American rights. The historical importance of the reform work of both women went unnoticed for a few decades, but the activism of the 1960s resurrected their legacy. Preliminary research indicated scholars focused primarily on the literary achievements of these Victorian Age women not their efforts to change the assimilation policies of the U.S. government. American historians infrequently accept Helen Jackson as a historian even though the production of her book A Century of Dishonor (1881) required hours of work analyzing primary source documents such as survey maps and treaties. Some Native American scholars put Jackson in the company of people called "do-gooders" or those people who supported the practice of assimilation as the best outcome for Native American tribes. In recent decades, scholars such as P. Jane Hafen (Taos Pueblo) began producing work that focused on the political importance of Bonnin's activism. Robert Warrior (Osage) labeled her as pro-assimilation because she worked for the Society of American Indians (SAI) whose constituency was comprised of Native American leaders that believed assimilation was the best way for Native Americans to articulate with the dominant culture. However, further analysis found that Gertrude left the SAI because she did not agree with her peers. This project produced a manuscript that provides an example of how to apply the principles of Indigenous discourse, as set forth by Susan Miller specifically regarding decolonization. This researcher's perspective saw Jackson and Bonnin's activism as the progenitor of modern day Native American rights movements. Jackson produced the first investigative effort to catalogue the broken treaty provisions and land misappropriations inflicted on Native American tribes by the U.S. government. Her enduring non-literary legacy was the work she did as an Indian agent for the Mission Indians of California where she worked to ensure the government treated the tribes equitably. Among Gertrude Bonnin's many accomplishments, her last and most significant was the creation of the National Council of American Indians that she co-founded with her husband in 1926. This organization preceded the modern day National Congress of American Indians. Thus, the result of this project is a decolonized narrative focused on the reform work of Helen Hunt Jackson and Gertrude Simmons Bonnin. Decolonizing the history of two very different women with synchronistic goals may encourage other historians whether Native American, western, or American to present alternative perspectives in the histories they write

Simulating the computational mechanisms of cognitive and behavioral psychotherapeutic interventions: insights from active inference

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) leverages interactions between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. To deepen understanding of these interactions, we present a computational (active inference) model of CBT that allows formal simulations of interactions between cognitive interventions (i.e., cognitive restructuring) and behavioral interventions (i.e., exposure) in producing adaptive behavior change (i.e., reducing maladaptive avoidance behavior). Using spider phobia as a concrete example of maladaptive avoidance more generally, we show simulations indicating that when conscious beliefs about safety/danger have strong interactions with affective/behavioral outcomes, behavioral change during exposure therapy is mediated by changes in these beliefs, preventing generalization. In contrast, when these interactions are weakened, and cognitive restructuring only induces belief uncertainty (as opposed to strong safety beliefs), behavior change leads to generalized learning (i.e., “over-writing” the implicit beliefs about action-outcome mappings that directly produce avoidance). The individual is therefore equipped to face any new context, safe or dangerous, remaining in a content state without the need for avoidance behavior—increasing resilience from a CBT perspective. These results show how the same changes in behavior during CBT can be due to distinct underlying mechanisms; they predict lower rates of relapse when cognitive interventions focus on inducing uncertainty and on reducing the effects of automatic negative thoughts on behavior

Mechanisms for covalent immobilization of horseradish peroxi-dase on ion beam treated polyethylene

The mechanism that provides the observed strong binding of biomolecules to polymer sur-faces modified by ion beams is investigated. The surface of polyethylene (PE) was modified by plasma immersion ion implantation with nitrogen ions. Structure changes including car-bonization and oxidation were observed in the modified surface layer of PE by Raman spec-troscopy, FTIR ATR spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, surface energy measurement and XPS spectroscopy. An observed high surface energy of the modified polyethylene was attributed to the presence of free radicals on the surface. The surface energy decay with stor-age time after PIII treatment was explained by a decay of the free radical concentration while the concentration of oxygen-containing groups increased with storage time. Horseradish per-oxidase was covalently attached onto the modified PE surface. The enzymatic activity of co-valently attached protein remained high. A mechanism based on the covalent attachment by the reaction of protein with free radicals in the modified surface is proposed. Appropriate blocking agents can block this reaction. All aminoacid residues can take part in the covalent attachment process, providing a universal mechanism of attachment for all proteins. The long-term activity of the modified layer to attach protein (at least 2 years) is explained by stabilisa-tion of unpaired electrons in sp2 carbon structures. The native conformation of attached pro-tein is retained due to hydrophilic interactions in the interface region. A high concentration of free radicals on the surface can give multiple covalent bonds to the protein molecule and de-stroy the native conformation and with it the catalytic activity. The universal mechanism of protein attachment to free radicals could be extended to various methods of radiation damage of polymers

Морфометрия лекарственных растений. 1. VACCINIUM VITISIDAEA L.: изменчивость формы и размеров листьев

БРУСНИКАРАСТЕНИЯ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫ

Tomographic interferometry of a filtered high-current vacuum arc plasma

Tomography of a plasma enables the distribution of electron density to be visualized. We report on the design of two tomographic interferometer systems used to measureplasma electron density distributions in a high-current pulsed cathodic vacuum arc. The method is shown to be capable of microsecond time resolution. The spatial resolution of the quasioptical interferometer operating at 2 mm wavelength is 20 mm and the spatial resolution of the waveguide-based interferometer operating at 8 mm wavelength is 50 mm. In both cases the resolution achieved depends on the launching and receiving geometries. We developed criteria for assessing the tomogram for artifacts arising from limited sampling. First results of the spatial and temporal history of plasma in a high-current vacuum arc guided by a curved magnetic filter are presented and indicate poloidal field fluctuations reminiscent of magnetohydrodynamic instabilities in pinches. The applicability of the tomographic interferometry method to optimize plasma transport through the filter is also demonstrated.This work was in part supported by the Australian Research Council

Synthesis of highly tetrahedral amorphous carbon by mixed-mode HiPIMS sputtering

Tetrahedral amorphous carbon films with an sp 3 content of 80% have been produced by high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) operating in a mixed sputtering/arc mode. In this mode, short-lived cathode spots form in the magnetic racetrack and produce large numbers of carbon ions. The spots move rapidly, inhibiting the formation of macroparticles. An argon pressure below 2.5 mTorr was critical for obtaining films with high sp 3 content, high stress, large Tauc gap and symmetrical Raman spectra, and all four quantities were strongly correlated