Sensitivity and Specificity of the Comfort Scale to Assess Pain in Ventilated Critically Ill Adult Patients in Intensive Care Unit

Background: Pain is a common phenomenon experienced by ventilated and critically ill adult patients. It is urgent to measure the pain among these patients since they are unable to report their pain verbally. Comfort Scale is one of the instruments used to measure pain in adult patients. The scale is used to measure pain among children patients with fairly high sensitivity and specificity.Purpose: This study aimed to examine the sensitivity and specificity of the Comfort Scale to measure pain in the ventilated critically ill adult patients in the ICU.Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional design with 66 ventilated adult patients in the ICUs of two hospitals in Semarang. The pain assessment was administered to the patients in 2 duplo periods by two observers comparing with the Comfort Scale and Critical Care Pain Observational Tool (CPOT) as a gold standard instrument during the pre and post positioning procedures. The data were analyzed using the receiver operating curve (ROC).Result: The results showed that in the pre-positioning procedure, the Comfort Scale had the sensitivity value of 69% and the specificity value of 81%. Meanwhile, in the post-positioning procedure, the values were decreasing (the sensitivity of 45%, the specificity of 67%). This indicated that the sensitivity value of the comfort scale decreased and could be interpreted that the ability of the instrument to detect pain remained low. Meanwhile, the decrease of the specificity value of the instrument between the pre and post administration was not far different, so it could be interpreted that the instrument can correctly identify the patient without pain.Conclusion: The Comfort Scale had a lower value of sensitivity and specificity in the post-positioning than that in the pre-positioning procedure. It is recommended that further studies should focus on the relationship between sedation and pain by using instruments of pain studies for adult patients (CPOT). Additionally, the hospital policy makers, that is Pain Task Force is expected to give education and training through workshops and seminars about the nurse skills in pain management on critical areas as part of the multidisciplinary team

Interaksi Teman Sebaya dan Gaya Belajar Siswa terhadap Prestasi Belajar Biologi Kelas X SMA Negeri 7 Pekanbaru

. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the peer interaction and learning styles towards learning achievement biology class X SMA Negeri 7 Pekanbaru in Academic Year 2016/2017. This study held on mei 2017. This study was correlational. The population in this research was 250 students with samples in this study were 71 students of class X were selected by simple random sampling technique. Data analysis technique used Pearson Product Moment Correlation. Based on data analysis, r value peer interactions on learning achievement was 0.570 and the r2 percentage was 32.8% means that there was a positive relationship. r value learning styles to the learning achievement was 0.151 and The r2 percentage was 2.1%, means that there was a positive relationship and r value multiple correlation coefficient between the peer interactions and learning styles was 0.575 and the R Square percentage was 33.1% its means that there was a positive that the relationship of peer interaction and learning styles of biology student learning. Test values obtained F significant correlation coefficient was 16.830 and F table was 3.13, then Fh (16.830) > Ft (3.13). Reject H0, which means there was a significant relationship between the peer interaction and learning styles towards learning achievement of biology at the class X of SMA N 7 Pekanbaru in Academic Year 2016/2017

The Behavior of Slab-Column Joints of Reactive Powder Concrete Under Cyclic Load

Experimental work on four specimens of reinforced concrete slab- column connection sub-assemblages using reactive powder concrete (RPC) was conducted. The specimens were subjected to a combination of gravity and cyclic loading. The gravity loading was represented by a number of concrete cubes hung on the slab bottom surface and the cyclic lateral loading was applied on the upper end of the columns. The specimens consisted of two variables, i.e tensile flexural reinforcement ratio (0.65% and 1.8%) and slab span (2.0 m and 3.0 m). Shear reinforcement was not used in the slab. The displacement history consisted of three repeated cycles, starting from 0.07 to 5.00 percent drift ratio, covering the elastic and the inelastic response of the specimens. The RPC mixture proportion for the specimen's material was developed using local materials and normal concrete technology methods. The average RPC compression tests results were 136.0 MPa at 28 days and 141.0 MPa at the time of the first specimen, tested at 56 days. The tests results showed that up to 5.0 percent drift all specimens had stable hysteresis loops without any significant degradation of strength and stiffness. The specimen with a larger tensile flexural reinforcement ratio developed more strength, stiffness and energy dissipation

Convertisseur d'équations LATEX2Ink

International audienceDans cet article nous présentons un outil de génération de formules mathématiques manuscrites en ligne à partir d'une chaîne LATEX. Ce générateur permettra facilement de fabriquer à partir d'un corpus de référence d'expressions mathématiques une base de données qui sera annotée automatiquement au niveau symbole. Ainsi, à partir d'une base de symboles isolés, nous pouvons produire de façon pseudo-synthétique une formule mathématique quelconque par un placement et un dimensionnement stochastiques 2D de ces éléments. Nous montrons l'intérêt de cet outil dans le cadre d'un projet visant à la conception d'une méthode adaptée à la reconnaissance et à l'interprétation d'expressions mathématiques en-ligne

The Use of Youtube Podcast to Improve Student Speaking Skills

This study aims to improve students' speaking skills by using YouTube podcasts and students' perceptions of the use of YouTube podcasts in speaking skills. In conducting this research, the author used a case study to collect data from the participants. The participants were an English teacher and twenty eleventh-grade students at a boarding school in Tasikmalaya. There were two instruments used by the author in conducting this research, namely observation and interviews. The results of this study showed a positive perception through the strategies used by the teacher and helped the students in increasing their confidence in practicing speaking. Based on the research findings, it is suggested that teachers can use YouTube podcasts to improve speaking skills for senior high school students. Moreover, this strategy not only improves students' speaking skills but also students' knowledge and imagination through YouTube podcasts and interaction strategies in the classroom. In addition, this study also suggests that English teachers use YouTube podcasts as a strategy to improve students' speaking skills. In addition, the students felt that learning by using YouTube podcasts can help them to improve their speaking skills. In addition, it makes them more motivated and enjoy learning in class. For future researchers, this study provides a wide opportunity to make more perfect research in the same field with different interests