Comparative Pressure Drop in Laminar and Turbulent Flows in Circular Pipe with and without Baffles using FEV

The study of Turbulent flow characteristics in complex geometries receives considerable attention due to its Importance in many engineering applications and has been the subject of interest for researchers. Some of these include the energy conversion systems found in same design of heat exchangers, nuclear reactor, solar collectors & cooling of industrial machines and electronic components. Flow in channels with baffle plates occurs in many industrial applications such as heat exchangers, filtration, chemical reactors, and desalination. These baffles cause turbulence which leads to increases friction within the pipe or duct and leads significant pressure drop. This work is concern with the comparative flow and pressure distribution analysis of a smooth and segmented Baffles pipe. In which pressure drop during the flow is examined and with the help of hydrodynamic characteristics performance is predicted with the help of Finite element volume tool ANSYS- Fluent, where simulation is been done. The goal is to carry out evaluating pressure drop across the pipe using different turbulent model and at simulation is done for wide range of Reynolds number in both laminar and turbulent flow regimes. The FEV results are validated with well published results in literature and furthermore with experimentation. The FEV and experimental results show good agreement

Potentially Biodynamic Tetraaza Macrocycles and their Manganese Complexes: Antiandrogen, Antimicrobial and PDI Studies

Fourteen to eighteen membered tetraazamacrocyclic ligands N4TTD1–N4TTD4 have been synthesized by the condensation of aliphatic diamines. H2N–(CH2)y–NH2 (y = 2 or 3) and dicarboxylic acids, HOOC-(CH2)x–COOH (x = 1 or 2) in the presence of condensing reagents dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCHC) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP). On reduction these macrocyclic ligands give N4TTD5-N4TTD8, which form complexes with manganese(II) acetate. The new products with octahedral geometry have been characterized by elemental analyses, molecular weight determinations, magnetic moment and spectral studies viz., infrared, electronic, mass and X-ray. On the basis of the spectral studies the binding sites are proposed as the nitrogen atom of the macrocycles. The formulation of the complexes as [Mn(CH3COO)2(N4TTDn)] (where n = 1 - 8) has been established on the basis of chemical composition. To assess the growth inhibiting potential of the ligands and their manganese (II) complexes biological screening have been undertaken. The testicular morphology, testicular sperm density, sperm motility, density of cauda epididymal spermatozoa and fertility in mating trials and biochemical parameters of reproductive organs with ligands and their corresponding complexes, in vivo have also been described in the this communication

Txicological Aspects of Newly Designed Macrocyclic Complexes of Iron(II)

Brine shrimp lethality of a new series of 16 to 26-membered macrocycles of iron(II) containing tetraaza groups and prepared by the template condensation reaction of diacarboxylic acids (malonic, succinic, glutaric or adipic) with 2,6-diaminopyridine and diethylenetriamine in 1:2:2 molar ratios have been studied. Structures and bonding of the macrocyclic complexes have been proposed based on elemental analyses, IR, electronic, X-ray and mass spectral studies. An octahedral geometry for these complexes has been proposed as the binding sites are the nitrogen atoms of the macrocycles. The formation of the complexes as [Fe(Ln)Cl2] has been established on the basis of the chemical composition. The complexes have also been screened against several microbes

Fertility Inhibitors Macrocyclic Complexes of Bivalent Manganese: Synthetic, Spectroscopic and Medicinal Approach

The modern physico-chemical, spectroscopic and biochemical methods have proved an important tool to elucidate the constitution of transition metal complexes. This paper presents a brief account of the synthesis, spectroscopic and medicinal aspects of tetraazamacrocyclic compounds of manganese(II). Sixteen to eighteen membered tetraamide macrocyclic ligands DTTD(1) and DTTD(2) have been synthesized by the condensation of 1,2-diaminoethane and 1,3-diaminopropane with phthalic acid in the presence of condensing reagents dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 4-dimethylaminopyridine. On reduction these macrocyclic ligands give new tetraazamacrocycles TTD(1) and TTD(2) which form complexes with manganese (II) nitrate and manganese (II) acetate. Based on chemical analyses, molecular weight determinations, conductance measurements, magnetic moment, IR spectra, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR spectra, electronic spectra, mass spectra and X-ray spectral analysis, an octahedral geometry has been assigned to the newly synthesized products. The formulation of the complexes of the type [Mn(TTD(n))X(2)] [where, n or 2, X (NO(3)) or (CH(3)COO)] has been established on the basis of chemical composition. The possibilities of potential uses of these complexes as fungicides and bactericides, studied in vitro, are also discussed. The testicular sperm density, sperm morphology, sperm mortality, density of cauda epididymis, spermatozoa and fertility in mating trials and biochemical parameters of reproductive organs of rat have been examined and discussed

Osmolytes: Proline metabolism in plants as sensors of abiotic stress

Proline accumulation occurs in a large range of plant species in retaliation to the numerous abiotic stresses. An exclusive research pattern suggests there is a pragmatic relation between proline accumulation and plant stress tolerance. In this review, we will discuss the metabolism of proline accumulation and its role in stress tolerance in plants. Pertaining to the literature cited clearly indicates that not only does it acts as an osmolyte, it also plays important roles during stress as a metal chelator and an antioxidative defence molecule. Moreover, when applied exogenously at low concentrations, proline enhanced stress tolerance in plants. However, some reports point out adverse effects of proline when applied at higher doses. Role of proline gene in seed germination, flowering and other developmental programmes; thus creation of transgene overexpressing this gene would provide better and robust plants. In this context this review gives a detailed account of different proline gene over-expressed in all the trans-genic crops so far

In vitro effect of polyethylene glycol and sorbitol on two banana varieties viz. Grand naine and Nalla bontha to study drought stress

Water stress is one of the foremost categories of stress damaging plants’ overall growth and development. The aim of the present study was to explore and demonstrate stress-induced drought to calibrate changes in stress parameters of two banana plant varieties viz. Grand naine (G9)  and Nalla bontha were cultured in Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) media supplemented with stress inducers -Poly ethylene glycol (PEG)  and sorbitol. The different concentrations of inducers were used to induce drought stress in two varieties of banana with contrasting characters for drought condition. The study indicated that PEG contrived mild to moderate osmotic stress and so does the alditol i.e. sorbitol on in vitro banana plants.  The different concentrations of PEG and sorbitol produced significant effects on various parameters. The maximum decrease in shoot length was prominent in G9(52%) as compared to Nalla bontha (11%). When treated with 3% w/v sorbitol, even average root length showed the same level of damage with G9(59%) while in case of Nalla bontha there  was  a 17% decrease. The banana plantlet produced in vitro was estimated at one and two weeks after inoculation, respectively. Proline content tended to increase as the concentration of osmotic inducers increased (-44 % in G9 at 3% w/v sorbitol), whereas RWC (8.9% in G9 at 3% w/v Peg) showed an opposite effect. It was concluded that quantitative and qualitative changes in physiological (shoot and root length) and biochemical (Proline and relative water content, RWC) parameters played an important role in plants under drought stress conditions. This pattern varied from species to species. This work has been attempted for the first time in banana, especially Grand naine varieties with contrasting characters under induced drought stress.