Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kalanduyung (Guazuma Ulmifolia Lam.) terhadap Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus Aureus dengan Metode Difusi Cakram (Kirby-bauer)

Pneumonia is an infectious lung parenchyma, respiratory bronchioles, and alveolus, caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Kalanduyung (Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.) is an herb plant from Central Borneo which people believe has many benefits, which one is curing pneumonia. To identify the antibacterial activity from the ethanol extract of Kalanduyung leaves to the Staphylococcus aureus growth. This research was experimental with posttest-only control group design. Ethanol extract of Kalanduyung leaves in 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% concentrations were tested for antibacterial capability against Staphylococcus aureus with Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method, with Amoxicillin as the positive control and 10% Dimethyl Sulfoxide. This data was statistically analyzed with One Way Anova. Ethanol extract of Kalanduyung leaves can inhibit Staphylococcus aureus with each inhibition zone diameter was 6.875 mm, 8.5 mm, 10.175 mm, and 14.925 mm. The ethanol extract of Kalanduyung leaves can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria

A rigorous evaluation of crossover and mutation in genetic programming

The role of crossover and mutation in Genetic Programming (GP) has been the subject of much debate since the emergence of the field. In this paper, we contribute new empirical evidence to this argument using a rigorous and principled experimental method applied to six problems common in the GP literature. The approach tunes the algorithm parameters to enable a fair and objective comparison of two different GP algorithms, the first using a combination of crossover and reproduction, and secondly using a combination of mutation and reproduction. We find that crossover does not significantly outperform mutation on most of the problems examined. In addition, we demonstrate that the use of a straightforward Design of Experiments methodology is effective at tuning GP algorithm parameters

Analisis Variasi Keputusan Banding Mengenai Sengketa Faktur Pajak Pertambahan Nilai Periode 2009-2013

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis variasi putusan banding mengenai Faktur Pajak Pertambahan Nilai. Analisis dilakukan berdasarkan pokok sengketa dan peraturan-peraturan yang digunakan dalam persidangan. Tipe penelitian ini berupa penelitian kualitatif. Penelitian ini menganalisa 45 putusan sengketa pada tahun 2012 sampai 2014 dengan tahun pajak putusan 2004-2010. Dari 45 putusan tersebut peneliti mengklasifikasikan berdasarkan pokok sengketa dan dari klasifikasi tersebut peneliti menganalisi peraturan yang paling banyak dipakai pada tiap klasifikasi. Hasil penelitian ini terdapat 5 klasifikasi pokok sengketa yaitu mengenai konfirmasi, 1 Faktur Pajak Cacat barang strategis, royalti, serta lain-lain. Dikabulkan ataupun tidaknya putusan tersebut diputuskan oleh Majelis berdasarkan pembuktian yang dilakukan oleh Pemohon Banding. Mengenai klasifikasi konfirmasi kasus tersebut banyak terjadi karena kelemahan yang terdapat pada Wajib Pajak yang tidak melakukan konfirmasi secara intern serta pemeriksa bisa saja melakukan pemeriksaan tidak sesuai dengan prosedur. Mengenai klasifikasi Faktur Pajak Cacat terjadi karena menurut pemeriksa tidak dicoret pada kolom tertentu merupakan bagian dari kelengkapan dari Faktur Pajak. Mengenai klasifikasi Barang Strategis terjadi karena tidak dipisahkan pembukuan bagi kegiatan yang terutang PPN dan yang tidak terutang PPN. Mengenai klasifikasi Royalti tersebut harus berhubungan langsung dengan kegiatan USAha. Mengenai klasifikasi lain-lain tersebut Wajib Pajak harus dapat memberikan bukti yang kuat serta harus berhubungan langsung dengan kegiatan USAha

Adaptive intelligence applied to numerical optimisation

The article presents modification strategies theoretical comparison and experimental results achieved by adaptive heuristics applied to numerical optimisation of several non-constraint test functions. The aims of the study are to identify and compare how adaptive search heuristics behave within heterogeneous search space without retuning of the search parameters. The achieved results are summarised and analysed, which could be used for comparison to other methods and further investigation

A neuronal network of mitochondrial dynamics regulates metastasis.

The role of mitochondria in cancer is controversial. Using a genome-wide shRNA screen, we now show that tumours reprogram a network of mitochondrial dynamics operative in neurons, including syntaphilin (SNPH), kinesin KIF5B and GTPase Miro1/2 to localize mitochondria to the cortical cytoskeleton and power the membrane machinery of cell movements. When expressed in tumours, SNPH inhibits the speed and distance travelled by individual mitochondria, suppresses organelle dynamics, and blocks chemotaxis and metastasis, in vivo. Tumour progression in humans is associated with downregulation or loss of SNPH, which correlates with shortened patient survival, increased mitochondrial trafficking to the cortical cytoskeleton, greater membrane dynamics and heightened cell invasion. Therefore, a SNPH network regulates metastatic competence and may provide a therapeutic target in cancer

Computational Studies of Microscopic Superfluidity in the 4He Clusters

The physics that result in the decoupling of a molecule from a bosonic solvent at 0 K are studied. Fixed-node diffusion Monte Carlo (FNDMC) coupled with a Genetic Algorithm is used to perform simulations of the bosonic droplets doped with various molecules. The efficacy and accuracy of this approach is tested on a strongly coupled 2-dimensional quartic oscillator with excellent results. This algorithm is then applied to 4He-CO and 4He-HCN clusters respectively in an effort to determine the factors that result in the onset of microscopic superfluidity. The decoupling of the doped molecule from the bosonic solvent is found to be, primarily, a result of the combined effect of the repulsive interaction between the helium atoms and bose symmetry. The effects of rotor size versus molecular anisotropy in a NH3 molecule seeded into a 4He droplet is studied as well. Simulations are done using the accurate rotational constants (B0=9.945 cm-1, C0=6.229 cm-1) and using fudged versions of the rotational constants (Bfudged=0.9945 cm-1, Cfudged=0.6229 cm-1) for the |0011〉state. The simulations done with the fudged rotational constants experience a slightly smaller reduction than those done using the accurate rotational constants. This is attributed to the importance of molecular anisotropy versus the size of larger rotational constants in molecules whose rotational constants fall in an intermediate regime