Presuppositions in Green Campaign Stickers Issued by International Association of Students in Agriculture and Related Sciences of Universitas Brawijaya

Key words: presupposition, presupposition trigger, pragmatic presupposition.Presupposition is an important element in a communication process. It is defined as the common knowledge belonging to the speaker. Presupposition could be identified by two ways; presupposition trigger referring to the triggered word in a utterance or written expression, and pragmatic presupposition referring to presupposition which is made by considering the speaker as the one producing the utterance or written expression. Presupposition can be found in daily communication such as, in the campaign. In this study, the writer analyzes presupposition within written expression of the green campaign stickers on IAAS Universitas Brawijaya. There are two problems to be solved, namely (1) What are the presupposition triggers of the written expression used in green campaign stickers of International Association of Students in Agriculture and Related Sciences ‘IAAS' Universitas Brawijaya? and (2) What are the pragmatic presupposition of the written expression used in green campaign stickers ofInternational Association of Students in Agriculture and Related Sciences ‘IAAS'Universitas Brawijaya?.This study used qualitative approach in document analysis since it focused on analyzing the written expression in the campaign. The data were collected from the green campaign stickers in IAAS Universitas Brawijaya when the stickers were distributed in Car Free Day Malang on Sunday, September 23, 2012. Then, data were analyzed by using Levinson's theory of presupposition trigger (1983) and Karttunen and Stalnaker's theory of strategy of pragmatic presupposition (1974).Definite description, change of state verb, question, temporal clasuse, iterative, contrast and comparison, and counter factual condition were categories of presupposition trigger found in the written expressions of 7 green campaign stickers. Then, the result of presupposition triggers became a reference to construct pragmatic presupposition in the written expression of green campaign stickers.The writer suggests the sticker makers make effective and good media. This study is also suggested for the students of linguistics to use this study as an example of presupposition used in mass media. It is also suggested for the next researchers that this study can be used as a reference in the same topic

Increased relapse rate during COVID-19 lockdown in an Italian cohort of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Objectives: Changes of routine disease management associated with COVID-19 lockdown might have potentially affected the clinical course of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Aim of our study was to assess the rate of disease flare before and during COVID-19 lockdown to investigate its impact on disease course in JIA children. Methods: A single-center retrospective study was conducted, including patients presenting inactive JIA between September 1st , 2018 and March 9th , 2019 (group A) and between September 1st , 2019 and March 9th , 2020 (group B). For each patient, demographic and clinical data were collected. The rate of JIA flare from March 10th , 2019 to June 30th , 2019 for group A and from March 10th , 2020 to June 30th , 2020 for group B was compared. Results: Group A included 126 patients and group B 124 patients. Statistical analysis did not show significant differences among the two cohorts with respect to age, sex, age of JIA onset, JIA subtype, co-occurrence of uveitis, ANA positivity and past or ongoing medications. The rate of disease flare during lockdown at time of first COVID-19 pandemic wave, was significantly higher in comparison to the previous year (16.9% vs 6.3%, p=0.009). Conclusion: Our study showed that COVID-19 lockdown was associated with a higher rate of joint inflammation in JIA children. This finding has a considerable clinical implication, since restrictive measures may be necessary in order to contain pandemics. Our data highlight the need for rearrangement in the home and healthcare management of JIA children during lockdowns

The Italian Response to the COVID-19 Crisis: Lessons Learned and Future Direction in Social Development:

Against the backdrop of a continuously changing situation, the aim of this paper is to discuss the impact of COVID-19 crisis in Italy, the government response to cope with the crisis and the major lessons learned during its management. The analysis shows how Italy's response has been characterised by some rapid measures to tackle the health crisis, but few plans in the mitigation stage and a lack of community involvement. This contribution stress the importance of a cultural shift, through the effort to apply in practice the principles already indicated in the main global policy frameworks to guide disaster management. A community social development approach can help to build concrete actions in this direction

La gestione delle risorse collettive. Italia settentrionale, secoli XII-XVIII

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