Dampak Kelangkaan Pupuk Bersubsidi Terhadap Produksi dan Pendapatan Petani Padi Sawah di Desa Waimital, Kecamatan Kairatu, Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak kelangkaan pupuk bersubsidi terhadap produksi dan pendapatan petani padi sawah di Desa Waimital, Kecamatan Kairatu, Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat. Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif dan kuantitatif  dan menggunakan analisis uji paired sample test. Hasil penelitian menunjukan adanya kelangkaan pupuk bersubsidi yang berdampak pada produksi dan pendapatan petani padi sawah di tempat penelitian. Penyebab kelangkaan pupuk bersubsidi yang terjadi karena adanya ketidaksesuaian antara permintaan/usulan terhadap pupuk bersubsidi dengan realisasi dari pemerintah, akibat kelangkaan pupuk bersubsidi petani rela membeli pupuk nonsubsidi yang harganya sangat mahal guna memenuhi kebutuhan pupuk mereka. Hal ini menyebabkan produksi menurun dari rata-rata 1.567 kg/musim tanam sebelum kelangkaan pupuk bersubsidi menjadi rata-rata 1.527 kg/musim tanam selama kelangkaan pupuk bersubsidi

Age-related changes in global motion coherence: conflicting haemodynamic and perceptual responses

Our aim was to use both behavioural and neuroimaging data to identify indicators of perceptual decline in motion processing. We employed a global motion coherence task and functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). Healthy adults (n = 72, 18-85) were recruited into the following groups: young (n = 28, mean age = 28), middle-aged (n = 22, mean age = 50), and older adults (n = 23, mean age = 70). Participants were assessed on their motion coherence thresholds at 3 different speeds using a psychophysical design. As expected, we report age group differences in motion processing as demonstrated by higher motion coherence thresholds in older adults. Crucially, we add correlational data showing that global motion perception declines linearly as a function of age. The associated fNIRS recordings provide a clear physiological correlate of global motion perception. The crux of this study lies in the robust linear correlation between age and haemodynamic response for both measures of oxygenation. We hypothesise that there is an increase in neural recruitment, necessitating an increase in metabolic need and blood flow, which presents as a higher oxygenated haemoglobin response. We report age-related changes in motion perception with poorer behavioural performance (high motion coherence thresholds) associated with an increased haemodynamic response

Zn treatment effects on biological potential of fennel bulbs as affected by in vitro digestion process

Zn treatment effects on the stability of polyphenols, MDA (malondialdehyde) content, antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibition activities of two varieties of fennel bulbs were studied by using an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model. Likewise, the effect of Zn on viability cells of E. coli was also performed. The results revealed that high amounts of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds were released during the digestion process, especially after the intestinal phase. Additionally, the antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity were affected by the gastrointestinal digestion process and seems to be correlated with total phenol contents. On the other hand, the viability of E. coli was not affected by the activity of our tested bulbs during passage through the artificial digestion model, but the treated bulbs activity contribute relatively to the inhibition growth of bacteria. The survival of E. coli in fennel bulbs was challenged with simulated gastrointestinal fluids and the results showed that the E. coli strains, despite having experienced a viability reduction at the intestinal phase, were able to overcome the exposure to the gastrointestinal synthetic fluids. This E. coli ability reinforces the need for good hygienic measures to assure safe fresh produce, even for those that are rich in antibacterial compounds.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016) : part two

Background The immunological escape of tumors represents one of the main ob- stacles to the treatment of malignancies. The blockade of PD-1 or CTLA-4 receptors represented a milestone in the history of immunotherapy. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors seem to be effective in specific cohorts of patients. It has been proposed that their efficacy relies on the presence of an immunological response. Thus, we hypothesized that disruption of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis would synergize with our oncolytic vaccine platform PeptiCRAd. Methods We used murine B16OVA in vivo tumor models and flow cytometry analysis to investigate the immunological background. Results First, we found that high-burden B16OVA tumors were refractory to combination immunotherapy. However, with a more aggressive schedule, tumors with a lower burden were more susceptible to the combination of PeptiCRAd and PD-L1 blockade. The therapy signifi- cantly increased the median survival of mice (Fig. 7). Interestingly, the reduced growth of contralaterally injected B16F10 cells sug- gested the presence of a long lasting immunological memory also against non-targeted antigens. Concerning the functional state of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we found that all the immune therapies would enhance the percentage of activated (PD-1pos TIM- 3neg) T lymphocytes and reduce the amount of exhausted (PD-1pos TIM-3pos) cells compared to placebo. As expected, we found that PeptiCRAd monotherapy could increase the number of antigen spe- cific CD8+ T cells compared to other treatments. However, only the combination with PD-L1 blockade could significantly increase the ra- tio between activated and exhausted pentamer positive cells (p= 0.0058), suggesting that by disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis we could decrease the amount of dysfunctional antigen specific T cells. We ob- served that the anatomical location deeply influenced the state of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In fact, TIM-3 expression was in- creased by 2 fold on TILs compared to splenic and lymphoid T cells. In the CD8+ compartment, the expression of PD-1 on the surface seemed to be restricted to the tumor micro-environment, while CD4 + T cells had a high expression of PD-1 also in lymphoid organs. Interestingly, we found that the levels of PD-1 were significantly higher on CD8+ T cells than on CD4+ T cells into the tumor micro- environment (p < 0.0001). Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrated that the efficacy of immune check- point inhibitors might be strongly enhanced by their combination with cancer vaccines. PeptiCRAd was able to increase the number of antigen-specific T cells and PD-L1 blockade prevented their exhaus- tion, resulting in long-lasting immunological memory and increased median survival

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Not AvailableNot AAndaman and Nicobar are a group of 572 Islands located in the Bay of Bengal which is endowed with rich marine biodiversity and coastal ecosystems. The estimated annual harvestable potential of marine fishery resources is 1.48 lakh tonnes whereas the present harvest stands closer to 40,000 tonnes. The critical need to bridge the gap between the potential and the harvest were emphasized over these years through harnessing the coastal and deep-sea fishery resources. However, a foremost issue that needs to be addressed remains the reliable estimation of fish landings through standard methodologies. Unorganized data collection and projection could lead to misrepresentation of the fishery resources which could affect the planning, conservation and management of resources. For proper data collection and reporting, the stakeholders at the field level must have adequate exposure and knowledge on the identification of marine fish landings. This handbook aims to assist the stakeholders engaged in fishery data collection and management with detailed information on the commercially important fisheries across the Islands. We strongly believe that this handbook could act as a ready reckoner on the identification of commercially landed marine fishes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islandsvailabl

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Not AvailableThe indigo barb Pethia setnai is a threatened small cyprinid endemic to the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot of India. In this study, the length–weight relationship and length–frequency-based population dynamics of this species, which are important prerequisites for effective fisheries management, were investigated for the first time based on specimens collected from the Mhadei River in the northern part of the Western Ghats. Estimated von Bertalanffy growth parameters were as follows: theoretical maximum length, L∞, 70.88 mm; growth coefficient, k, 1.50 year-1; and theoretical age at length 0, t0, –0.016 years. Natural mortality of P. setnai was higher than fishing mortality, and the present exploitation level (0.37) was less than 60% of the predicted maximum exploitation, suggesting that the species is not exploited to a level that is detrimental to the local population.Not Availabl