Arthroscopy or ultrasound in undergraduate anatomy education: a randomized cross-over controlled trial

Background: The exponential growth of image-based diagnostic and minimally invasive interventions requires a detailed three-dimensional anatomical knowledge and increases the demand towards the undergraduate anatomical curriculum. This randomized controlled trial investigates whether musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) or arthroscopic methods can increase the anatomical knowledge uptake. Methods: Second-year medical students were randomly allocated to three groups. In addition to the compulsory dissection course, the ultrasound group (MSUS) was taught by eight, didactically and professionally trained, experienced student-teachers and the arthroscopy group (ASK) was taught by eight experienced physicians. The control group (CON) acquired the anatomical knowledge only via the dissection course. Exposure (MSUS and ASK) took place in two separate lessons (75 minutes each, shoulder and knee joint) and introduced standard scan planes using a 10-MHz ultrasound system as well as arthroscopy tutorials at a simulator combined with video tutorials. The theoretical anatomic learning outcomes were tested using a multiple-choice questionnaire (MCQ), and after cross-over an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). Differences in student's perceptions were evaluated using Likert scale-based items. Results: The ASK-group (n = 70, age 23.4 (20--36) yrs.) performed moderately better in the anatomical MC exam in comparison to the MSUS-group (n = 84, age 24.2 (20--53) yrs.) and the CON-group (n = 88, 22.8 (20--33) yrs.; p = 0.019). After an additional arthroscopy teaching 1 % of students failed the MC exam, in contrast to 10 % in the MSUS- or CON-group, respectively. The benefit of the ASK module was limited to the shoulder area (p < 0.001). The final examination (OSCE) showed no significant differences between any of the groups with good overall performances. In the evaluation, the students certified the arthroscopic tutorial a greater advantage concerning anatomical skills with higher spatial imagination in comparison to the ultrasound tutorial (p = 0.002; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The additional implementation of arthroscopy tutorials to the dissection course during the undergraduate anatomy training is profitable and attractive to students with respect to complex joint anatomy. Simultaneous teaching of basic-skills in musculoskeletal ultrasound should be performed by medical experts, but seems to be inferior to the arthroscopic 2D-3D-transformation, and is regarded by students as more difficult to learn. Although arthroscopy and ultrasound teaching do not have a major effect on learning joint anatomy, they have the potency to raise the interest in surgery

Comparison of 'Mental training' and physical practice in the mediation of a structured facial examination : a quasi randomized, blinded and controlled study

Background: The correct performance of a structured facial examination presents a fundamental clinical skill to detect facial pathologies. However, many students are not adequately prepared in this basic clinical skill. Many argue that the traditional ‘See One, Do One’ approach is not sufficient to fully master a clinical skill. ‘Mental Training’ has successfully been used to train psychomotor and technical skills in sports and other surgical fields, but its use in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is not described. We conducted a quasi-experimental to determine if ‘Mental Training’ was effective in teaching a structured facial examination. Methods: Sixty-seven students were randomly assigned to a ‘Mental Training’ and ‘See One, Do One’ group. Both groups received standardized video instruction on how to perform a structured facial examination. The ‘See One, Do One’ group then received 60 min of guided physical practice while the ‘Mental Training’ group actively developed a detailed, stepwise sequence of the performance of a structured facial examination and visualized this sequence subvocally before practicing the skill. Student performance was measured shortly after (T1) and five to 10 weeks (T2) after the training by two blinded examiners (E1 and E2) using a validated checklist. Results: Groups did not differ in gender, age or in experience. The ‘Mental Training’ group averaged significantly more points in T1 (pE1 = 0.00012; pE2 = 0.004; dE1 = 0.86; dE2 = 0.66) and T2 (pE1 = 0.04; pE2 = 0.008, dE1 = 0.37; dE2 = 0.64) than the ‘See One, Do One’ group. The intragroup comparison showed a significant (pE1 = 0.0002; pE2 = 0.06, dE1 = 1.07; dE2 = 0.50) increase in clinical examination skills in the ‘See One, Do One’ group, while the ‘Mental Training’ group maintained an already high level of clinical examination skills between T1 and T2. Discussion: ‘Mental Training’ is an efficient tool to teach and maintain basic clinical skills. In this study ‘Mental Training’ was shown to be superior to the commonly used ‘See One, Do One’ approach in learning how to perform a structured facial examination and should therefore be considered more often to teach physical examination skills

Examiner effect on the objective structured clinical exam – a study at five medical schools

Background: The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is increasingly used at medical schools to assess practical competencies. To compare the outcomes of students at different medical schools, we introduced standardized OSCE stations with identical checklists. Methods: We investigated examiner bias at standardized OSCE stations for knee- and shoulder-joint examinations, which were implemented into the surgical OSCE at five different medical schools. The checklists for the assessment consisted of part A for knowledge and performance of the skill and part B for communication and interaction with the patient. At each medical faculty, one reference examiner also scored independently to the local examiner. The scores from both examiners were compared and analysed for inter-rater reliability and correlation with the level of clinical experience. Possible gender bias was also evaluated. Results: In part A of the checklist, local examiners graded students higher compared to the reference examiner; in part B of the checklist, there was no trend to the findings. The inter-rater reliability was weak, and the scoring correlated only weakly with the examiner’s level of experience. Female examiners rated generally higher, but male examiners scored significantly higher if the examinee was female. Conclusions: These findings of examiner effects, even in standardized situations, may influence outcome even when students perform equally well. Examiners need to be made aware of these biases prior to examining

Entwicklung, Implementierung und Auswertung von komplexen Notfallszenarien im Rahmen einer Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) im uerschnittsbereich Notfallmedizin : Evaluation der Auswirkung des neuen Curriculums Notfallmedizin gemäß der ÄAppO 2002 auf die klinische Kompetenz der Studierenden

Einleitung In einem medizinischen Notfall kann schnelles und strukturiertes Handeln für das Überleben des Patienten von entscheidender Bedeutung sein. Die hierfür benötigten Fertigkeiten sollten bereits im Rahmen der medizinischen Ausbildung erlangt und evaluiert werden. Die objektive, strukturierte klinische Prüfung (OSCE) ist ein valides und reliables Prüfungsformat zur Evaluierung praktischer Fertigkeiten. Jedoch werden in den traditionellen OSCE-Stationen nur isolierte Fertigkeiten bzw. Komponenten eines klinischen Arbeitsablaufes beurteilt. Was fehlt, ist eine valide Repräsentation der Realität in der Klinik. Doch gerade die Kompetenz, einzelne Fertigkeiten und Fähigkeiten in einen klinischen Arbeitsablauf zu integrieren, ist in der Notfallmedizin von entscheidender Bedeutung. Daher wurden im Rahmen der hier vorliegenden Studie die so genannten „Emergency Case OSCE Stations“ (ECOS) entwickelt. Hier müssen die Studierenden das komplette Notfallmanagement vom Auffinden des Patienten über die Einleitung der Primärmaßnahmen bis zur Organisation der weiteren Behandlung demonstrieren. Im ersten Teil der vorliegenden Studie wird die Durchführbarkeit der ECOS im Rahmen einer praktischen Prüfung für das Fach Notfallmedizin untersucht. Dabei soll untersucht werden, ob die ECOS eine mit den traditionellen OSCE-Stationen vergleichbare Machbarkeit, Reliabilität und Akzeptanz erreichen können. Im Jahr 2003 trat die neue Approbationsordnung für Ärzte in Kraft, durch die die medizinische Ausbildung einen stärker praxisorientierten Ansatz erhalten sollte. In der alten ÄAppO spielte das Fach Notfallmedizin eine untergeordnete Rolle mit nur wenig praktischem Training. Im Rahmen der Umsetzung der neuen ÄAppO erfuhr die Notfallmedizin durch die Einführung des eigenständigen Querschnittsbereiches Notfallmedizin eine deutliche Aufwertung entsprechend ihrer Wichtigkeit für das Überleben der Patienten. Der zweite Teil der Studie beurteilt, welchen Effekt das neue simulationsbasierte Curriculum im Fach Notfallmedizin auf die Fertigkeiten der Studierenden hat, einen Notfall zu handhaben. Methode Im ersten Teil der Studie absolvierten 45 Studierende einen 10-Stationen-OSCE-Parcours bestehend aus 6 ECOS sowie 4 traditionellen OSCE-Stationen. Sie wurden hierbei anhand einer fallspezifischen Checkliste beurteilt. Im Anschluss an jede Station sowie im Anschluss an den Gesamtparcours vervollständigte jeder Studierende einen Fragebogen, um die ECOS und traditionellen OSCE-Stationen zu evaluieren. Im zweiten Teil der Studie wurde eine kontrollierte, verblindete Untersuchung mit 44 Studierenden durchgeführt. Die Studierenden waren alle in ihrem letzten Ausbildungsjahr. 22 der Studierenden haben nach der alten ÄAppO studiert und waren somit Teil der Kontrollgruppe. Die 22 Studierenden der Interventionsgruppe absolvierten ihre medizinische Ausbildung nach der neuen ÄAppO. Das neue Ausbildungskonzept im Fach Notfallmedizin besteht aus einem simulationsbasierten Training mit theoretischen Unterrichtseinheiten, um die Algorithmen aus der Vorlesung zu wiederholen, und aus standardisierten Szenarien in einer realistischen Umgebung. Das Training basiert auf den Basic Life Support- (BLS) und den Advanced Cardiac Life Support- Kursen (ACLS) der American Heart Association sowie auf einem studentischen Bedürfnissen angepassten Advanced Trauma Life Support-Training (ATLS). Auch weitere häufige und lebensbedrohliche Notfallsituationen wurden in das Simulationstraining integriert. Die Beurteilung erfolgte anhand eines 10-Stationen-OSCE-Parcours mit einem Maximum von 4 Monaten nach Abschluss der Intervention (Simulationstraining). Alle Studienteilnehmer waren gegenüber dem Studienprotokoll verblindet. Die Prüfer und Simulationspatienten waren des Weiteren gegenüber der Gruppenzugehörigkeit der Studierenden verblindet. Ergebnisse Wir konnten in der vorliegenden Studie zeigen, dass die ECOS im Rahmen einer OSCE durchführbar sind. Auf Seiten der Studierenden und auch der Prüfer zeigte sich eine hohe Akzeptanz. Die ECOS wurden als wesentlich realistischer im Vergleich zu den traditionellen OSCE-Stationen gewertet. Die Reliabilitätsanalyse mittels Cronbachs &#945; ergab für die ECOS eine gute Reliabilität mit 0.793. Im zweiten Teil der Studie konnten wir einen signifikant positiven Effekt des neuen Curriculums auf die Fertigkeiten und das Verhalten der Studierenden in einem Notfall nachweisen (p< 0.0001 bis p = 0.016). Schlussfolgerung Die ECOS bieten eine gute Alternative zu den traditionellen OSCE-Stationen mit einer guten Reliabilität und bieten hierbei die Möglichkeit, das Notfallmanagement der Studierenden in einem realistischen Szenario zu beurteilen. Das neue Curriculum im Querschnittsbereich Notfallmedizin verbessert erheblich die Kompetenzen der Studierenden in einem medizinischen Notfall.Introduction In case of an emergency, a fast and structured patient management is crucial for patient's outcome. The competencies needed should be acquired and assessed during medical education. The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) is a valid and reliable assessment format to evaluate practical skills. However, traditional OSCE stations examine isolated skills or components of a clinical workflow and thereby lack a valid representation of clinical reality. As we judge the ability to properly integrate particular skills and abilities into a complete management workflow as most important and crucial in the treatment of an emergency patient, we developed the emergency case OSCE stations (ECOS). Here, the examinees have to perform the entire emergency management including primary and secondary survey, initial prehospital therapy and organization of further treatment. The first part of this study seeks to determine if ECOS can be conducted as practical examination in emergency medicine with similar results regarding aspects of feasibility, reliability and acceptance in comparison to the traditional format of OSCE stations. In 2003, new regulations on the licence to practice medicine in Germany came into effect. Herewith, the mostly theory based undergraduate education had to be changed towards a more practical approach of medical education. In the former curriculum, emergency medicine only played a subordinate role with a minimum of practical training. With the new regulations, the value of knowledge and skills in emergency medicine was increased, corresponding to its importance for the patients. The second part of this study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of a simulation-based curriculum in preparing undergraduate medical students for the management of emergencies using a performance-based assessment method, the OSCE. Methods For the first part of this study, 45 students participated in a 10-station OSCE with 6 ECOS and 4 traditional OSCE stations. They were assessed using a case-specific checklist. An inter-station and post-OSCE-questionnaire was completed by each student to evaluate both ECOS and traditional OSCE. The second part of this study consisted of a controlled, blinded educational trial of 44 last year medical students at Frankfurt Medical school, whereof 22 completed the former curriculum as control group and 22 the new curriculum as intervention group. The new curriculum consists of a simulation-based training with theoretical sessions to repeat the algorithms learned in a lecture and a series of standardized scenarios in realistic encounters based on the Basic Life Support (BLS), Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) of the American Heart Association and an adapted Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) training, as well as on further common emergencies corresponding to the course objectives. All study participants were blinded toward the study protocol. The examiners and standardized patients were blinded toward students' group membership. A performance-based assessment in a 10 station OSCE was conducted using checklist rating within a maximum of four month after completion of intervention. Results We were able to demonstrate that ECOS are feasible as time-limited OSCE stations. There was a high acceptance on both students and examiners side. They rated ECOS to be more realistic in comparison to the traditional OSCE scenarios. The reliability estimated via Cronbach's &#945; for the 6 ECOS is high (0.793). In the second part of the study, the intervention group performed significantly better in all of the 10 OSCE stations in the checklist rating (p< 0.0001 to p = 0.016). Conclusions ECOS offer a feasible alternative to the traditional OSCE stations with adequate reliability to assess students' capabilities to cope with an acute emergency in a realistic encounter. The simulation-based intervention offers a positively evaluated possibility to enhance students' skills in recognizing and handling emergencies. Additional studies are required to measure the long term retention of the acquired skills as well as the effect on patients' outcome

Virtual patients versus small-group teaching in the training of oral and maxillofacial surgery: a randomized controlled trial

Background: Computerized virtual patients (VP) have spread into many areas of healthcare delivery and medical education. They provide various advantages like flexibility in pace and space of learning, a high degree of teaching reproducibility and a cost effectiveness. However, the educational benefit of VP as an additive or also as an alternative to traditional teaching formats remains unclear. Moreover, there are no randomized-controlled studies that investigated the use of VP in a dental curriculum. Therefore, this study investigates VP as an alternative to lecturer-led small-group teaching in a curricular, randomized and controlled setting. Methods: Randomized and controlled cohort study. Four VP cases were created according to previously published design principles and compared with lecturer-led small group teaching (SGT) within the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery clerkship for dental students at the Department for Cranio-, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. Clinical competence was measured prior (T0), directly (T1) and 6 weeks (T2) after the intervention using theoretical tests and a self-assessment questionnaire. Furthermore, VP design was evaluated using a validated toolkit. Results: Fifty-seven students (VP = 32; SGT = 25) agreed to participate in the study. No competence differences were found at T0 (p = 0.56). The VP group outperformed (p < .0001) the SGT group at T1. At T2 there was no difference between both groups (p = 0.55). Both interventions led to a significant growth in self-assessed competence. The VP group felt better prepared to diagnose and treat real patients and regarded VP cases as a rewarding learning experience. Conclusions: VP cases are an effective alternative to lecture-led SGT in terms of learning efficacy in the short and long-term as well as self-assessed competence growth and student satisfaction. Furthermore, integrating VP cases within a curricular Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clerkship is feasible and leads to substantial growth of clinical competence in undergraduate dental students

Einfluss der Lehrmethode der Einreibetechnik zum Erlernen der hygienischen Händedesinfektion im Medizinstudium: Eine vergleichende Effektivitätsanalyse von zwei Techniken

Objective: Hygienic hand disinfection is of major importance regarding nosocomial infections and antibiotic resistance. The six-step technique is the most commonly taught method, but its superiority has not been empirically demonstrated. This study compares two hand disinfection techniques with regard to their total distribution of the disinfectant. Methods: In this comparative effectiveness analysis, medical students were randomized into two groups. Group 1 was instructed in the 6-step technique, group 2 was referred to a self-responsible application. Learning success was measured using fluorescent disinfectant and black light photographs at three time points (directly, few days later, 5–12 weeks later). Photographs were evaluated quantitatively. Results: 198 students were included in the study (Group 1: 6-step technique; n=103, Group 2: self-responsible disinfection; n=95). 186 were followed up at the second measurement, 182 at the third measurement. Directly after training, there were no significant differences between the two groups. At the second measurement, Group 2 outperformed Group 1 for total, dorsal, and palmar areas (p<0.001, p=0.002, p<0.001). At the third measurement, Group 2 was significantly better (p=0.019) for palmar-sided hands. In Group 1, areas of disinfected skin deteriorated significantly between measurement 1 and 2 (p=0.019) and measurement 2 and 3 (p<0.001). Group 2 did not deteriorate between measurement 1 and 2 (p=0.269) but between measurement 2 and 3 (p<0.001). Conclusions: Compared to the established six-step technique, a self-responsible application method results in measurably better distribution of the hand disinfectant.Problemstellung: Die hygienische Händedesinfektion ist in Zeiten von gehäuft auftretenden nosokomialen Infektionen und Antibiotikaresistenzen von größter Bedeutung. Die „6-Schritt-Methode“ ist die verbreitetste Lehrmethode, ihre Überlegenheit ist jedoch nicht evidenzbasiert. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, die etablierte 6-Schritt-Methode mit einer eigenverantwortlichen Applikation zu vergleichen. Methode: Im Rahmen der vorliegenden vergleichenden Effektivitätsanalyse wurden Medizinstudierende in zwei Gruppen randomisiert. Gruppe 1 wurde unter Verwendung der 6-Schritt-Methode unterrichtet, während Gruppe 2 zur Desinfektion ohne Vorgabe einer speziellen Reihenfolge oder Methode unterrichtet wurde. Der Lernerfolg wurde an drei Messzeitpunkten (direkt im Anschluss an den Kurs, einige Tage später und nach 5–12 Wochen) unter Verwendung von fluoreszierendem Desinfektionsmittel und Photographien unter Schwarzlicht erhoben. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt wurden 198 Studierenden in die Studie eingeschlossen (Gruppe 1: 6-Schritt-Methode: n=103, Gruppe 2: eigenverantwortliche Desinfektion; n=95). Hiervor nahmen 186 am zweiten Messzeitpunkt und 182 am dritten Messzeitpunkt teil. Direkt nach dem Kurs konnten keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen gemessen werden. Am zweiten Messzeitpunkt zeigte Gruppe 2 eine deutlich bessere Verteilung des Desinfektionsmittels, sowohl bezogen auf die gesamte Hand als auch auf die dorsale und palmare Seite (p<0.001, p=0.002, p<0.001). Am dritten Messzeitpunkt zeigte Gruppe 2 eine signifikant bessere Desinfektion auf der palmaren Seite der Hand (p=0.019). Die Studierenden der Gruppe 1 verschlechterten sich signifikant sowohl zwischen dem ersten und zweiten Messzeitpunkt (p=0,019) als auch zwischen dem zweiten und dritten Messzeitpunkt (p<0,001). Die Studierenden der Gruppe 2 zeigten eine konstante Leistung an den ersten beiden Messzeitpunkten (p=0,269), verschlechterten sich lediglich zwischen den Messzeitpunkten zwei und drei (p<0,001). Schlussfolgerung: Die Vermittlung einer eigenverantwortlichen Methode als Lehrmethode für eine hygienische Händedesinfektion resultiert langfristig in einer messbar besseren Verteilung des Desinfektionsmittels als durch die etablierte 6-Schritt-Methode

Emotion recognition and extraversion of medical students interact to predict their empathic communication perceived by simulated patients

Background: This study assessed the impact of medical students’ emotion recognition ability and extraversion on their empathic communication, as perceived by simulated patients in a training context. Methods: This study used a crossed-effect data structure and examined 245 students in their fourth year of medical school. The students’ personality traits were assessed based on a self-assessment questionnaire of the short form of the Big Five Inventory; their emotion recognition ability was measured using a performance test (Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy-2, Adult Facial Expressions). Simulated patients evaluated the medical students’ empathic communication. Results: Students with a combination of high emotion recognition ability and extraversion received more positive ratings from simulated patients than their fellow students with a combination of emotion recognition ability and low extraversion. The main effects of emotion recognition or extraversion were not sufficient to yield similar effects. There were no other effects related to the remaining Big Five variables. Conclusions: The results support the hypothesis that to build rapport with patients, medical staff need to combine emotional capabilities with a dispositional interest in interpersonal encounters

A nationwide survey of undergraduate training in oral and maxillofacial surgery

To investigate the current status of undergraduate training in oral and maxillofacial (OMF) surgery in Germany using a nationwide survey and hence contribute to an educational improvement in the field.; A 39-item questionnaire was sent to all university clinics with an OMF surgery chair in Germany (n = 34).; Ninety-two percent of OMF clinics are involved in the curricular training in medicine and 100% in dentistry. Eighty-one percent of OMF clinics perform curricular examinations and, respectively, 86% in dentistry. Examinations are mainly performed written with multiple-choice tests (62% medicine, 76% dentistry) and using non-structured oral examinations (57% medicine, 86% dentistry). Objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) are only used in 19% of all faculties.; OMF surgery with its involvement both in medical and dental education has a special position as a surgical discipline. Our results show that OMF as a specialty is underrepresented in dental and especially in medical education considering the numerical and health economic importance of OMF consultations. Enhancing curricular integration and developing more structured examination forms is necessary to guarantee a high quality of OMF education

Emotion recognition and extraversion of medical students interact to predict their empathic communication perceived by simulated patients

Abstract Background This study assessed the impact of medical students’ emotion recognition ability and extraversion on their empathic communication, as perceived by simulated patients in a training context. Methods This study used a crossed-effect data structure and examined 245 students in their fourth year of medical school. The students’ personality traits were assessed based on a self-assessment questionnaire of the short form of the Big Five Inventory; their emotion recognition ability was measured using a performance test (Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy-2, Adult Facial Expressions). Simulated patients evaluated the medical students’ empathic communication. Results Students with a combination of high emotion recognition ability and extraversion received more positive ratings from simulated patients than their fellow students with a combination of emotion recognition ability and low extraversion. The main effects of emotion recognition or extraversion were not sufficient to yield similar effects. There were no other effects related to the remaining Big Five variables. Conclusions The results support the hypothesis that to build rapport with patients, medical staff need to combine emotional capabilities with a dispositional interest in interpersonal encounters