Effect of K supply and relative humidity on ion uptake and distribution on two grapevine rootstock varieties

The effect of K supply and relative humidity on K uptake was studied in two grapevine rootstock varietes (Freedom, 140 Ruggeri) in an attempt to characterize the mechanism(s) responsible for the different K uptake of these varieties. When K supply was low (0.5 mmol/l), K contents in laminae and petioles of both varieties were similar, but with high K supply (5 mmol/l) K contents in laminae and petioles of Freedom exceeded those of 140R. The total K uptake per vine during the trial period confirmed these results, with significantly higher K uptake in Freedom vines only when K supply was high (5 mmol/l). When K supply was low, the potential relative contribution of nutrient flow in the transpiration stream to total K uptake ranged from 30 to 60 %, but when K supply was high nutrient flow in the transpiration stream exceeded K uptake by 232-479 %. A dual uptake mechanism is proposed for these grapevine rootstocks with system I, operating up to about 0.5 mmol/l K and based on an active carrier system, and system II, operating from about 1 mmol/l K upwards, which may be passive and possibly driven by the water movement of the transpiration stream. System I seems to be identical in the two varieties, but not system II. The existence of such a dual uptake mechanism with two independent systems should permit the breeding and evaluation of rootstock varieties, which restrict K uptake in the high K supply range without losing K efficiency in the low K supply range.Der Einfluß von K-Versorgung und relativer Luftfeuchtigkeit auf die Ionenaufnahme und -verteilung in zwei UnterlagsrebsortenAn zwei Unterlagsrebsorten (Freedom, 140 Ruggeri) wurde der Einfluß unterschiedlicher K-Versorgung und Luftfeuchtigkeit auf die K-Aufnahme untersucht, um den Mechanismus, der für die unterschiedliche K-Aufnahme dieser Sorten verantwortlich ist, näher zu charakterisieren. Bei niedrigem K-Angebot (0,5 mmol/l) waren die K-Gehalte in den Blattspreiten und -stielen der beiden Sorten ähnlich, doch bei hoher K-Versorgung (5 mmol/l) überstiegen die K-Gehalte in den Blattspreiten und -stielen von Freedom deutlich diejenigen von 140R. Die Gesamt-K-Aufnahme während des Versuchs bestätigte dieses Ergebnis mit signifikant höherer K-Aufnahme von Freedom-Reben im Falle hoher K-Versorgung. Bei niedriger K-Versorgung ließen sich 30-60 % der Gesamt-K-Aufnahme mit dem theoretischen Eintrag von K im Transpirationsstrom erklären. Bei hoher K-Versorgung dagegen überstieg der theoretische K-Transport im Transpirationsstrom die tatsächliche K-Aufnahme um 232-479 %. Die sortentypische K-Aufnahme könnte durch einen zweiphasigen K-Aufnahmemechanismus erklärt werden: System I, welches von 0 bis etwa 0.5 mmol/l K arbeitet, scheint auf aktivem Transport zu beruhen, System II, welches ab etwa 1 mmol einsetzt, scheint dagegen passiv zu sein und könnte an die Wasserbewegung des Transpirationsstroms gebunden sein. System I dürfte in beiden Sorten identisch sein, nicht dagegen System II. Die Existenz eines solchen zweiphasigen K-Aufnahmemechanismus mit zwei voneinander unabhängigen Systemen würde die Züchtung und Auslese von Unterlagssorten erlauben, die die K-Aufnahme im Falle hohen K-Angebots begrenzen, ohne dabei ihre Effizienz im niedrigen K-Versorgungsbereich einzubüßen

Photoionenspektroskopie an Schwefelchloridpentafluorid SF5Cl, das lonisationspotential von Schwefelpentafluorid SF5

The appearance potentials of fragment ions from SF5Cl have been measured in the energy range 12 - 20 eV by means of photoionization mass spectrometry. From these data, the ionization potential of SF5 comes to 9.65 eV

Microsatellite analysis of traditional eastern grapevine varieties and wild accessions from Geisenheim collection in Germany

The Geisenheim collection contains a number of old traditional grapevines obtained during the last century from many countries including wild grapevine accessions. Over 60 samples originating from Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Dagestan, Egypt, Greece, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine and Uzbekistan were probed for analysis. Additionally 25 accessions of wild grapevines some acquired in Germany were included to the tested panel. Accessions were analysed on 9 microsatellite loci (VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD25, VVMD27, VVMD28, VVMD32, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79) for standard grapevine identification done in 4 multiplex PCRs. We obtained 13.56 overall average alleles per locus (12.44 in cultivated and 7.56 in wild grapevines). Expected and observed heterozygosity in cultivated grapevines were 0.826 and 0.644, while among wild accessions it was 0.693 and 0.464 respectively. The most informative locus proved to be VVMD28 in Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sativa and VVMD7 within V. vinifera L. ssp. sylvestris GMELIN. Microsatellite profiling will enable proper identification of cultivars by obtaining groups of synonyms and homonyms through comparative analysis as well assessment future estimation of relatedness between cultivated and wild accessions

Distribution and host range of the grapevine plasmodiophorid Sorosphaera viticola

Sorosphaera viticola, an obligate parasite of grapevine, was first detected in 2003 in roots of Vitis berlandieri x V. riparia rootstocks in a vineyard in the German Rheingau. To estimate the distribution and the abundance of S. viticola, other German and Austrian winegrowing areas (Mosel-Saar-Ruwer, Rhineland-Palatinate, Weinviertel) were screened. Vineyards planted with different rootstocks or own-rooted V. vinifera vines were chosen to elucidate the host range of this plasmodiophorid within the genus Vitis. S. viticola was found in different V. berlandieri x V. riparia hybrids and in roots of V. vinifera. Root samples from wild V. riparia from the Niagara Peninsula (Canada) were also found to be infested by S. viticola. This is the first record of S. viticola outside of Europe

Basis States for Relativistic, Dynamically-Entangled Particles

In several recent papers on entanglement in relativistic quantum systems and relativistic Bell's inequalities, relativistic Bell-type two-particle states have been constructed in analogy to non-relativistic states. These constructions do not have the form suggested by relativistic invariance of the dynamics. Two relativistic formulations of Bell-type states are shown for massive particles, one using the standard Wigner spin basis and one using the helicity basis. The construction hinges on the use of Clebsch-Gordan coefficients of the Poincar\'e group to reduce the direct product of two unitary irreducible representations (UIRs) into a direct sum of UIRs.Comment: 19 pages, three tables, revte

Untersuchungen zum Lichtkompensationspunkt der Rebe

Von Vitis riparia, V. rupestris und den V.-vinifera-Sorten Müller-Thurgau und Riesling wurde die photosynthetische Leistung bei sieben Beleuchtungsstufen zwischen 40.000 lx und 50 lx bestimmt. Hieraus wurden auf statistischem Weg Kompensationspunkte, Dunkelatmungsraten und der Anstieg der Assimilationskurven bestimmt. Weiterhin wurden der Diffusionswiderstand des Blattes und Kennwerte der Blattstruktur ermittelt.Bei hoher Lichtintensität (38 400 lx) weist V . rupestris mit 7,25 mg CO2/dm2 • h eine h ohe NPR und V . riparia mit 3,96 mg CO2/dm2 · h eine geringe NPR auf. Die NPR von Müller-Thurgau (6,48 mg CO2/dm2 · h) und die von Riesling (6 ,50 mg CO2/dm2 · h) liegen zwischen den genannten Extremwerten.Bei ca. 4 000 lx treten keine Unterschiede in der NPR zwischen den Genotypen auf.Der Lichtkompensationspunkt liegt bei Riesling mit 750 lx am höchsten und bei V. riparia mit 450 lx am niedrigsten.Die Dunkelatmungsrate ist mit 0,40 mg CO2/dm2 · h bei Riesling am höchsten und bei V. riparia mit 0,21 mg CO2/dm2 · h am niedrigsten.V. riparia besitzt sowohl bei starker als auch bei schwacher Beleuchtungsstärke die höchsten Blattdiffusionswiderstände.Der Korrelationskoeffizient zwischen NPR und Oberflächenentwicklung des Blattes beträgt -0,986, zwischen NPR und Diffusionswiderstand des Blattes -0,997, zwischen dem Hartlaubcharakter und der Dunkelatmungsrate des Blattes +0,977. Investigations on the light compensation points of grapevinesThe rates of photosynthesis of Vitis riparia, V . rupestris and the V. vinifera cvs. Müller-Thurgau and Riesling were measured, using 7 degrees of light intensity between 40 000 lx and 50 lx. Basing upon this, the compensation points, rates of dark respiration and increase of curves of assimilation were calculated by statistical methods. Furthermore, the diffusive resistance of the leaf and characteristics of the leaf structure were determined. ·At high light intensity (38 400 lx), V. rupestris shows with 7.25 mg CO2/dm2 · h a high net photosynthesis rate and V. riparia with 3.96 mg CO2 /dm2 · h a low one. Those of Müller-Thurgau (6.48 mg CO2  /dm2 · h) and of Riesling (6.50 mg CO2 /dm2 · h) range between the mentioned extreme values.No differences in the net photosynthesis rate appear between the genotypes with a light intensity of 4 000 lx.The light compensation point for Riesling is highest with 750 lx and lowest for V. riparia with 450 lx.The highest rate of dark respiration was found with 0.40 mg CO2 /dm2 · h for Riesling, the lowest with 0.21 mg CO2 /dm2 · h for V. riparia.It could be stated that V . riparia shows the highest leaf diffusive resistance not only at low light intensity but also at high light intensity.The correlation coefficient between net photosynthesis rate and surface development of leaf is -0.986, b etween net photosynthesis rate and diffusive resistance of leaf -0.997, and between xeromorphic leaf structure and rate of dark respiration of leaf +0.977

The importance of pathogen-free grapevine propagation material in regards to clonal selection and rootstock breeding in Germany

High performing propagation material is essential for a reliable and economical production of quality grapes. Apart from geneticaspects pathogen-freedom is of prime importance in propagation material. In particular virus diseases cause major yield and quality losses andreduced longevity. This is also reflected in the current EU legislation, which focuses on the most common and dangerous viruses: GFLV,ArMV, GLRaV-I and GLRaV-III.Apart from these, locally occurring pathogens, e.g. phytoplasms or agrobacterium, are important as well andshould not be present in propagation material. There are several ways to develop pathogen-free clones. Starting with already pathogen-freematerial is certainly the easiest case, but might not be feasible in local varieties with small acreages and limited vine numbers. In these casesthe elimination of pathogens is required, either by heat therapy, tissue culture or somatic embryo genesis

Konstitutionskriterien bei schweinen unterschiedlicher nutzungsrichtung und grösse

International audienc

Hair follicles as a target structure for nanoparticles

For at least two decades, nanoparticles have been investigated for their capability to deliver topically applied substances through the skin barrier. Based on findings that nanoparticles are highly suitable for penetrating the blood–brain barrier, their use for drug delivery through the skin has become a topic of intense research. In spite of the research efforts by academia and industry, a commercial product permitting the nanoparticle-assisted delivery of topically applied drugs has not yet been developed. However, nanoparticles of approximately 600 nm in diameter have been shown to penetrate efficiently into the hair follicles, where they can be stored for several days. The successful loading of nanoparticles with drugs and their triggered release inside the hair follicle may present an ideal method for localized drug delivery. Depending on the particle size, such a method would permit targeting specific structures in the hair follicles such as stem cells or immune cells or blood vessels found in the vicinity of the hair follicles