Regionalwährungen in Deutschland

Die Emission von Regionalwährungen in Deutschland weist gegenwärtig eine erstaunliche Dynamik auf. Handelt es sich dabei um Gutscheine oder Geld? Wie bedeutend sind diese neuen Zahlungsmittel? Lässt sich dieses Phänomen in ein Gesamtkonzept (in-)offizieller Geldformen integrieren? --

Cutaneous Papillomaviruses and Non-melanoma Skin Cancer: Causal Agents or Innocent Bystanders?

There is still controversy in the scientific field about whether certain types of cutaneous human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are causally involved in the development of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Deciphering the etiological role of cutaneous HPVs requires - besides tissue culture systems - appropriate preclinical models to match the obtained results with clinical data from affected patients. Clear scientific evidence about the etiology and underlying mechanisms involved in NMSC development is fundamental to provide reasonable arguments for public health institutions to classify at least certain cutaneous HPVs as group 1 carcinogens. This in turn would have implications on fundraising institutions and health care decision makers to force - similarly as for anogenital cancer - the implementation of a broad vaccination program against "high-risk" cutaneous HPVs to prevent NMSC as the most frequent cancer worldwide. Precise knowledge of the multi-step progression from normal cells to cancer is a prerequisite to understand the functional and clinical impact of cofactors that affect the individual outcome and the personalized treatment of a disease. This overview summarizes not only recent arguments that favor the acceptance of a viral etiology in NMSC development but also reflects aspects of causality in medicine, the use of empirically meaningful model systems and strategies for prevention.Fil: Hasche, Daniel. German Cancer Research Center; AlemaniaFil: Vinzon, Sabrina Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Rösl, Frank. German Cancer Research Center; Alemani

Foreign demand for euro banknotes issued in Germany: Estimation using direct approaches

In this paper, we endeavour to determine the volume of euro banknotes issued by Germany that is in circulation outside Germany. In so doing, we draw a distinction between banknotes outstanding in non-euro-area countries and those that are in circulation in other euro-area countries. The analysis is based on various available statistics and, as an additional aid, on surveys (direct approaches). The observation period runs from 2002 to 2009. We discover that German euro banknotes to a total amount of approximately €220 billion are in circulation outside Germany. The lion's share of roughly €160 billion is in non-euro-area countries, with the remaining €60 billion in other euro-area countries. Thus, the volume of outstanding euro banknotes in Germany at the end of 2009 (around €130 billion) accounts for only roughly one-third of all banknotes issued by the Deutsche Bundesbank (€350 billion). -- In dem vorliegenden Papier versuchen wir, den Bestand der Euro-Banknoten zu ermitteln, der sich von der deutschen Banknotenemission im Ausland befindet. Dabei unterscheiden wir nach Beständen, die außerhalb des Euro-Währungsraums umlaufen, und solchen, die in anderen Ländern der EWU zirkulieren. Die Auswertung basiert auf verschiedenen verfügbaren Statistiken und Befragungen, die hilfsweise verwendet werden (direkte Ansätze). Der Untersuchungszeitraum geht von 2002 bis 2009. Wir finden heraus, dass insgesamt ca. 220 Mrd. € an deutschen Euro-Banknoten im Ausland umlaufen. Der größte Teil, etwa 160 Mrd. €, befindet sich außerhalb des Euro-Raums, der Rest - 60 Mrd. € - läuft in anderen EWU-Ländern um. Damit entspricht der Inlandsumlauf von Euro-Banknoten in Deutschland Ende 2009 (rd. 130 Mrd. €) nur rund einem Drittel aller von der Deutschen Bundesbank in Umlauf gegebenen Banknoten (350 Mrd. €).Banknotes,euro,foreign demand,hoarding,transaction balances,domestic migration,Banknoten,Euro,Auslandsumlauf,Hortung,Transaktionskasse,Binnenmigration

Foreign demand for euro banknotes issued in Germany: Estimation using indirect approaches

In this paper, we endeavour to determine the volume of euro banknotes issued by Germany that is in circulation outside Germany. In so doing, we draw a distinction between banknotes outstanding in non-euro-area countries and those that are in circulation in other euro-area countries. The analysis is based on approaches that estimate the volume of banknotes in circulation outside Germany indirectly. The observation period runs from 2002 to 2009. We discover that, at the end of 2009, a total of roughly two-thirds of Germany's cumulated net issuance of euro banknotes was in circulation outside Germany. The lion's share of roughly €160 billion was in non-euro-area countries, with the remaining €80 billion in other euro-area countries. Thus, the volume of German euro banknotes in circulation in Germany accounted for only roughly one-third of all banknotes issued by the Deutsche Bundesbank (€350 billion). This confirms the results of direct approaches. -- In dem vorliegenden Papier versuchen wir den Bestand der Euro-Banknoten zu ermitteln, der sich von der deutschen Banknotenemission im Ausland befindet. Dabei unterscheiden wir nach Beständen, die außerhalb des Euro-Währungsraumes gehalten werden, und solchen, die in anderen Ländern der EWU zirkulieren. Die Analyse basiert auf Ansätzen, die den Auslandsumlauf auf indirektem Wege abschätzen. Der Untersuchungszeitraum reicht von 2002 bis 2009. Wir finden heraus, dass Ende 2009 insgesamt rund zwei Drittel der deutschen kumulierten Nettoemissionen im Ausland umliefen. Der größte Teil, etwa 160 Mrd. €, befand sich außerhalb des Euro-Raums, der Rest - 80 Mrd. € - lief in anderen EWU-Ländern um. Somit entsprach der Inlandsumlauf deutscher Euro-Banknoten nur rund einem Drittel aller von der Bundesbank in Höhe von 350 Mrd. € in Umlauf gegebenen Banknoten. Damit werden die Ergebnisse direkter Ansätze bestätigt.Banknotes,euro,foreign demand,hoarding,transaction balances,domestic migration,Banknoten,Euro,Auslandsumlauf,Hortung,Transaktionskasse,Binnenmigration

Regionalwährungen in Deutschland: Lokale Konkurrenz für den Euro?

In a surprisingly growing number of regions in Germany private "regional currencies" are issued as a cash substitute for the euro. Currently, these regional currencies are conceived almost exclusively as Schwundgeld (depreciative currency), which loses value on a predetermined timescale. This loss of value is intended to encourage the money owners to spend their money quickly in order to boost local demand. The paper shows that the issuance of unofficial parallel currencies is not a fundamentally new phenomenon neither in Germany nor in other European countries. The theoretical assumptions of the Schwundgeld concept (Silvio Gesell (1862 – 1930)) are highly flawed and suboptimal from a welfare-theoretical perspective. However, the current economic welfare losses resulting from the issuance of Schwundgeld are negligibly small. --Regionalwährungen,Regionalgeld,Parallelgeld,Gesell,Währungssubstitution,Schwundgeld,Freigeld,currency substitution,private money

Growth Arrest of HPV-Positive Cells after Histone Deacetylase Inhibition Is Independent of E6/E7 Oncogene Expression

AbstractInhibitors of histone deacetylase (HDAC) are capable of arresting growth in cervical carcinoma cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Although HPV E6/E7 mRNA steady-state levels appeared to be constant after prolonged treatment, time-course experiments revealed that viral transcription was transiently down-regulated between 7–10 h prior to cdk2 suppression. To test whether transitory suppression was a prerequisite for the biological outcome after HDAC inhibition, we took advantage of two immortalized human keratinocyte cell lines in which E6/E7 oncogene expression was controlled by different regulatory regions. After treatment with sodium butyrate (NaB) or trichostatin A (TSA), HPV16 upstream regulatory region (URR)-directed transcription was down-regulated, showing kinetics similar to those in cervical carcinoma cells. In contrast, β-actin promoter controlled E6/E7 transcription was even temporarily increased and finally declined to levels initially detected in the untreated controls. Both cell lines, however, were arrested in G1 and showed complete suppression of cdk2 activity that was preceded by a strong up-regulation of the cdk2 inhibitors p21CIP1 and p27KIP1. These results demonstrate that growth of HPV16/18-positive cells can be arrested by HDAC inhibitors despite ongoing HPV transcription and thus independently of any potential position effects uncoupling URR-directed gene expression by adjacent cellular promoters or by downstream 3′-polyadenylation sites after viral integration into the host genome during multistep carcinogenesis

Regulation of MCP-1 chemokine transcription by p53

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Our previous studies showed that the expression of the monocyte-chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, a chemokine, which triggers the infiltration and activation of cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage, is abrogated in human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive premalignant and malignant cells. <it>In silico </it>analysis of the MCP-1 upstream region proposed a putative p53 binding side about 2.5 kb upstream of the transcriptional start. The aim of this study is to monitor a physiological role of p53 in this process.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The proposed p53 binding side could be confirmed <it>in vitro </it>by electrophoretic-mobility-shift assays and <it>in vivo </it>by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Moreover, the availability of p53 is apparently important for chemokine regulation, since TNF-α can induce MCP-1 only in human keratinocytes expressing the viral oncoprotein E7, but not in HPV16 E6 positive cells, where p53 becomes degraded. A general physiological role of p53 in MCP-1 regulation was further substantiated in HPV-negative cells harboring a temperature-sensitive mutant of p53 and in Li-Fraumeni cells, carrying a germ-line mutation of p53. In both cases, non-functional p53 leads to diminished MCP-1 transcription upon TNF-α treatment. In addition, siRNA directed against p53 decreased MCP-1 transcription after TNF-α addition, directly confirming a crosstalk between p53 and MCP-1.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These data support the concept that p53 inactivation during carcinogenesis also affects immune surveillance by interfering with chemokine expression and in turn communication with cells of the immunological compartment.</p

Der Auslandsumlauf deutscher Euro-Banknoten: Schätzung mit direkten Ansätzen

In dem vorliegenden Papier versuchen wir, den Bestand der Euro-Banknoten zu ermitteln, der sich von der deutschen Banknotenemission im Ausland befindet. Dabei unterscheiden wir nach Beständen, die außerhalb des Euro-Währungsraums umlaufen, und solchen, die in anderen Ländern der EWU zirkulieren. Die Auswertung basiert auf verschiedenen verfügbaren Statistiken und Befragungen, die hilfsweise verwendet werden (direkte Ansätze). Der Untersuchungszeitraum geht von 2002 bis 2009. Wir finden heraus, dass insgesamt ca. 220 Mrd. € an deutschen Euro-Banknoten im Ausland umlaufen. Der größte Teil, etwa 160 Mrd. €, befindet sich außerhalb des Euro-Raums, der Rest - 60 Mrd. € - läuft in anderen EWU-Ländern um. Damit entspricht der Inlandsumlauf von Euro-Banknoten in Deutschland Ende 2009 (rd. 130 Mrd. €) nur rund einem Drittel aller von der Deutschen Bundesbank in Umlauf gegebenen Banknoten (350 Mrd. €). -- In this paper, we endeavour to determine the volume of euro banknotes issued by Germany that is in circulation outside Germany. In so doing, we draw a distinction between banknotes outstanding in non-euro-area countries and those that are in circulation in other euro-area countries. The analysis is based on various available statistics and, as an additional aid, on surveys (direct approaches). The observation period runs from 2002 to 2009. We discover that German euro banknotes to a total amount of approximately €220 billion are in circulation outside Germany. The lion's share of roughly €160 billion is in non-euro-area countries, with the remaining €60 billion in other euro-area countries. Thus, the volume of outstanding euro banknotes in Germany at the end of 2009 (around €130 billion) accounts for only roughly one-third of all banknotes issued by the Deutsche Bundesbank (€350 billion).Banknoten,Euro,Auslandsumlauf,Hortung,Transaktionskasse,Binnenmigration,Banknotes,euro,foreign demand,hoarding,transaction balances,domestic migration

Der Auslandsumlauf deutscher Euro-Banknoten: Schätzung mit indirekten Ansätzen

In dem vorliegenden Papier versuchen wir den Bestand der Euro-Banknoten zu ermitteln, der sich von der deutschen Banknotenemission im Ausland befindet. Dabei unterscheiden wir nach Beständen, die außerhalb des Euro-Währungsraumes gehalten werden, und solchen, die in anderen Ländern der EWU zirkulieren. Die Analyse basiert auf Ansätzen, die den Auslandsumlauf auf indirektem Wege abschätzen. Der Untersuchungszeitraum reicht von 2002 bis 2009. Wir finden heraus, dass Ende 2009 insgesamt rund zwei Drittel der deutschen kumulierten Nettoemissionen im Ausland umliefen. Der größte Teil, etwa 160 Mrd. €, befand sich außerhalb des Euro-Raums, der Rest - 80 Mrd. € - lief in anderen EWU-Ländern um. Somit entsprach der Inlandsumlauf deutscher Euro-Banknoten nur rund einem Drittel aller von der Bundesbank in Höhe von 350 Mrd. € in Umlauf gegebenen Banknoten. Damit werden die Ergebnisse direkter Ansätze bestätigt. -- In this paper, we endeavour to determine the volume of euro banknotes issued by Germany that is in circulation outside Germany. In so doing, we draw a distinction between banknotes outstanding in non-euro-area countries and those that are in circulation in other euro-area countries. The analysis is based on approaches that estimate the volume of banknotes in circulation outside Germany indirectly. The observation period runs from 2002 to 2009. We discover that, at the end of 2009, a total of roughly two-thirds of Germany's cumulated net issuance of euro banknotes was in circulation outside Germany. The lion's share of roughly €160 billion was in non-euro-area countries, with the remaining €80 billion in other euro-area countries. Thus, the volume of German euro banknotes in circulation in Germany accounted for only roughly one-third of all banknotes issued by the Deutsche Bundesbank (€350 billion). This confirms the results of direct approaches.Banknoten,Euro,Auslandsumlauf,Hortung,Transaktionskasse,Binnenmigration,Banknotes,euro,foreign demand,hoarding,transaction balances,domestic migration