Congestion Charges in Stockholm: How Have They Affected Retail Revenues?

Did the introduction of congestion charges in Stockholm city reduce retail revenues? Data from 20 shopping malls - 8 within the toll area, and 12 outside the tool area - and from a sample of retail stores located along the main shopping streets was analyzed using an intervention-control approach. Favorable outcomes, such as reduced traffic, less emissions of carbon-dioxide, and perceived improvements in air quality and accessibility, do not seem to have been offset by reduced revenues for retailers located within the toll area.Road toll; congestion fee; congestion charge; retail revenues; retail profts

Seeing the invisible with schlieren imaging

Schlieren imaging is a method for visualizing differences in refractive index as caused by pressure or temperature non-uniformities within a medium, or as caused by the mixing of two fluids. It is an inexpensive yet powerful and straightforward tool for sensitive and high-resolution visualization of otherwise invisible phenomena. In this article, application of the method to liquid membranes, sonar pulses and microscopic gas flows is used to illustrate its usefulness and versatility in physics education and research

COPD patient awareness of disease treatment and turnover of the COPD medicines in A Pharmacy - 6

Saslimstība ar HOPS plaši izplatīta pasaulē un kā nāves cēlonis tā ieņem 4. vietu pasaulē vecuma grupā pēc 45 gadiem. HOPS slimībai ir tendence pieaugt. Hroniskais iekaisums rada pastiprinātu elpceļu reaktivitāti, kas izraisa epizodiskas sēkšanas, klepus lēkmes, elpas trūkumu un smaguma sajūtu krūtīs. Lai veiksmīgi ārstētu HOPS slimniekus, būtiska ir pacienta izpratne par saslimšanu un pielietojamo medikamentozo terapiju. Maģistra darba mērķis – bija noskaidrot slimnieku izpratni par HOPS un tās ārstēšanai izmantojamiem medikamentiem un analizet zāļu aprites A aptieka – 6. Pētījumā iegūti rezultāti, ka slimnieku izpratne par HOPS un tās ārstēšanai izmantojamiem medikamentiem ir nepietiekamas. Biežāk lietotās zāles HOPS ārstēšanai ir tiotropinum, salbutamol, indacaterolum/glycopyrronium un budesonidum/formoterolum.Incidence of COPD in the cause of death ranks fourth in the world, in the age group of 45 years plus, and it is a disease which has a tendency to increase. Chronic inflammation leads to increased respiratory tract reactivity, which causes episodic wheezing, coughing, seizures, shortness of breath, and a feeling of heaviness in the chest. In order to successfully treat patients with COPD, patient’s understanding of disease and drug therapy applied is essential. The main objective of the masters thesis was - to clarify patient’s understanding of disease and drug therapy applied and turnover of the COPD medicines in A Pharmacy – 6. The results obtained during the research show that patients understanding of COPD and the medications used for its treatment is insufficient. The most frequently used medicine to treat HOPS is tiotropium, salbutamol, indacaterol/glycopyrroni, budesonidum/formoterolum

Congestion Charges in Stockholm: How Have They Affected Retail Revenues?

Did the introduction of congestion charges in Stockholm city reduce retail revenues? Data from 20 shopping malls - 8 within the toll area, and 12 outside the tool area - and from a sample of retail stores located along the main shopping streets was analyzed using an intervention- control approach. Favorable outcomes, such as reduced traffic, less emissions of carbon-dioxide, and perceived improvements in air quality and accessibility, do not seem to have been offset by reduced revenues for retailers located within the toll area.Road toll; congestion fee; congestion charge; retail revenues; retail profits

Congestion charges and retail revenues: Results from the Stockholm road pricing trial

This paper studies the impact of the Stockholm road pricing trial on retail revenues. The analysis is performed using revenue data from 14 shopping malls, 9 within the tool area and 5 outside the tool area. The data also include revenue data from a sample of retail stores located along the main shopping streets in Stockholm. The results show that the Stockholm road pricing trial did not negatively affect retail revenue, neither in shopping malls nor in the sample of retail stores.Road toll Congestion fee Congestion charge Retail revenues Retail profits

Road Pricing and Retail Revenues: Results from the Stockholm Road Pricing Trial

This paper studies the impact of the Stockholm road pricing trial on retail revenues. The analysis is performed using revenue data from 14 shopping malls, 9 within the tool area and 5 outside the tool area. The data also include revenue data from a sample of retail stores located along the main shopping streets in Stockholm. The results show that the Stockholm road pricing trial did not negatively affect retail revenue, neither in shopping malls nor in the sample of retail stores.Road tolls; congestion fee; congestion charge; retail revenues; retail profits