Phytochemical Screening and in Vitro Ovicidal, Larvacidal, and Nematicidal Effects of Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Extract on Gastrointestinal Parasites of Goats

In our previous research, kemuning leaves (Murraya paniculata L. Jack) was shown to have the capability as an anthelmintic candidate for PE (Ettawa crossbred) lactating dairy goats by reducing 43.67% of the egg per gram (EPG) of Strongylida compared to 0.0005% in orally treated with Oxfendazole as a control. To confirm it, the aim of this in vitro study was to determine the effective dosage of kemuning leaves from two extraction methods (infuse and maceration) to reduce the Trichostrongylidae and to evaluate the bioactive compounds of the leaves. The research was conducted using a randomized complete design with 11 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments consisted of control (0.0005% and 0.005% Oxfendazole), kemuning leaves infuse extract (KIE) and maceration extract (KME) each with level of 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7% (w/v). The results showed that the LT50 gradually decreased (shortening the lethal time) and the mortality of Trichostrongylidae gradually increased associated with the increased concentration of treatment (P<0.01). The infusion of 7% kemuning extract demonstrated the highest efficiency in reducing the larval development, infective larvae, and the adult Trichostrongylidae by 93.16%, 94.39%, and 90%, respectively.  This treatment could be developed as the most prospective herbal anthelmintic drug in controlling the infection by Trichostrongylidae

Effect of Ascaridia galli infection on histopathologic description, size of small intestines villi surface and body weight change in starters

Nematode Ascaridia galli is an important parasitic disease in poultry and is responsible for considerable economic losses in retarded growth and lowered egg production. The effects of A. galli infection based on histopathologic description, size of small intestines villi surface and body weight change in starters was investigated. One hundred and thirty five day old chicks (DOC) were divided into three groups for three levels of infection dose rate (0,800 and 8000 infective eggs) with 3 replications of 45 DOC each. Infections were carried out every week respectively from week 2th until week 5th. Results showed that the infection of A. galli caused degeneration and necroses in villi ephitelial cells and crypts of small intestine and infiltration of leucocytes. In the heavy infection group some epithelial cells were replaced by fibrocytes. A.  galli infection decreased daily body weight gain of starter lower (5.5% in light and 13.4% in heavy dosage infection) compared to that of the non infected group. After six weeks of heavy infection the size of small intestine villi surface was decreasing to 20.0%, while the daily body weight gain was decreasing to 12.3% compared to that of the non infection group. Key words: Ascaridia galli, Starter, Productivit

Mucosal Mast Cells Response in the Jejunum of Ascaridia galli-Infected Laying Hens

Intestinal defense mechanism against helminthes parasitic nematode to be associated with mucosal mast cells reaction. The aim of this research was to examine the effect of infection by Ascaridia galli parasite to trigger mucosal defense based on mucosal mast cells response in laying hens. Amount of ten head laying hens 12-wk old were divided into two groups containing five chickens of each. The first group, chickens were left as un-infected controls. The second group, chickens were infected orally with 1,000 embryonated eggs of A. galli.  Mucosal mast cell responses were assayed by in situ jejunal mast cell counts in stained serial histological sections with Alcian blue (pH 0.3) and Safranin-O (pH 0.1) of the jejunum. Mucosal mast cells response were observed and counted on days 14 post infection. The result showed that A. galli infection was able to increase significantly (P<0.05) mast cells response. This research concluded that the A. galli infection can trigger the involment of mucosal mast cells response in jejunal defense of laying hens against parasitic diseases caused by A. galli

The Ability of Immunoglobulin Yolk Recognized the Antigen in the Tissue of Ascaridia galli

Antigen-antibody reaction is an important tool for the analysis of localization of target molecules, including antigenic protein within worm tissues. The purpose of the present research was to demonstrate the ability of immunoglobulin yolk (IgY) anti-excretory/secretory recognized the antigen in the tissue of Ascaridia galli by mean of immunohistochemistry method. The excretory/secretory protein was procured from A. galli and concentrated by mean of vivaspin 30,000 MWCO. IgY was produced by egg yolks of immunized chickens with excretory/secretory, and purified using fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) method. A. galli adult worms were cut in transversal and longitudinal section of the center and anterior region. Slides were incubated with both primary IgY for overnight at 4 oC and secondary antibody rabbit anti-chicken IgY HRP-conjugate for one hour at room temperature. The slides were stained with 3-amino, 9-ethylcarbazole (AEC) chromogen, counterstained with Lillie Mayer Haematoxylin, and mounted in glyserin aqueous mount.  Antigen-antibody reaction was investigated under a microscope. The result showed that antigen was appeared in the tissues such as cuticle, epicuticle, buccal cavity, and eggs inside the uterine of A. galli. This research concluded that IgY stimulated by the excretory/secretory was able to recognized the antigen scattered in the tissues of A. galli so the IgY could be applied for immunodiagnostic

Efektivitas Daun Jarak (Jatropha curcass Linn) Sebagai Anticacing Ascaridia galli dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Performa Ayam Lokal

The present experiment was aimed to identify the phytochemical of Jatropha curcas leave extracted with water and methanol as an anthelmintic agent for Ascaridia galli, and its effect on native chicken performance. In vitro study of anthelmintic activity was conducted by counting the number of paralyzed worm dead-body of A. galli during 18 hours in petri dish containing different levels of extract, namely 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% (w/v) and compared to the piperazine 0.5% (w/v). Eightteen birds of naturally A. galli-infected native chicken were used for the in vivo study. The treatments were 0%, 2%, 4%, 8%, and 16% of J. curcass leave extract, and 10% of piperazine using a completely randomized block design with 6 treatments and 3 replications. Parameters observed were fecal worm egg count, feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and mortality. The results showed that water- and methanol-extracted J. curcas leave had similar composition of secondary metabolite compounds which is high in triterpenoid and steroid contents, respectively. Percentage of paralyzed A. galli was higher (P < 0.01) in water-extracted jatropha leaves. On the contrary, the dead-body percentage was higher (P < 0.05) in the methanol-extracted than that in the control group. In vivo study showed that leave meal significantly decreased (P < 0.05) fecal worm egg count. The leaf meal at the level 16% tended to increase feed consumption, body weight gain, and significantly decreased feed conversion ratio. In conclusion, J. curcas leave meal have anthelmintic activity to A. galli and could improve nutrient utilization of naturally A. galli-infected native chicken by decreasing feed conversion ratio

Effect of Ascaridia galli infection on histopathologic description, size of small intestines villi surface and body weight change in starters

Nematode Ascaridia galli is an important parasitic disease in poultry and is responsible for considerable economic losses in retarded growth and lowered egg production. The effects of A. galli infection based on histopathologic description, size of small intestines villi surface and body weight change in starters was investigated. One hundred and thirty five day old chicks (DOC) were divided into three groups for three levels of infection dose rate (0,800 and 8000 infective eggs) with 3 replications of 45 DOC each. Infections were carried out every week respectively from week 2th until week 5th. Results showed that the infection of A. galli caused degeneration and necroses in villi ephitelial cells and crypts of small intestine and infiltration of leucocytes. In the heavy infection group some epithelial cells were replaced by fibrocytes. A. galli infection decreased daily body weight gain of starter lower (5.5% in light and 13.4% in heavy dosage infection) compared to that of the non infected group. After six weeks of heavy infection the size of small intestine villi surface was decreasing to 20.0%, while the daily body weight gain was decreasing to 12.3% compared to that of the non infection group

Response of Chicken that Having Experience Infection of Ascaridia galli to Re-infection and it’s Implication to Productivity and Quality of Eggs

The aimed of this research was to find out the effect of infection experience of Ascaridia galli on productivity and eggs qualities. The research was held in Helminthology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty and Animal Production Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Bogor Institute of Agriculture. The research was based on a Randomized Completely Design. The treatments were P0 = without infection ; P1 = have been infected with 200 infective eggs A. galli every chick every week ( 8, 15, 22 and 30 days old chick) and re-infected with 500 infected eggs at 18 weeks old; P2= chicks with no infection experience at starter period, and infected with 500 infected eggs at laying period. The productivity and quality of eggs were examined. The results showed that infection experience of Ascaridia galli influenced the layer productivity and their eggs qualities. The experience of A. galli infection several times with light dosage at starter period (P1) made the layers more resistance to re-infection by the parasite in the laying period. Consumption and conversion of feed, eggs weight, shell thickness and calcium concentration of P1 was not significant difference with control group (P0). First A. galli infection in layer period in group without experience of A. galli infection before (P2), have showed that, compare with the control group (P0), the feed conversion of P2 was 15.78% higher (P<0.01), eggs weight of P2 was lighter 5.35% (P<0.05), the shell thickness of P2 eggs was lower 5.55% (P<0.05), the calcium concentration in serum was lower 36.26% (P<0.05). Beside that the color of eggs yolk in infected (P1 and P2) group more colorless (11.63%) than control group. A. galli (P<0.01). Ascaridia galli infection has no effects on Haugh Unit Value, titer serum protein and eggs protein. (Animal Production 9(2): 92-98 (2007) Key Words : Infection experience, Ascaridia galli, productivity of layer, eggs qualitie