Cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry of a novel manganese phthalocyanine substituted with hexynyl groups

We report here on the synthesis of a new manganese phthalocyanine complex, namely Mn tetrakis(5-hexyn-oxy) phthalocyanine (3), specifically designed to possess an alkyne moiety for its potential use in controlled immobilization on electrodes via the so called “click” chemistry reaction. The electrochemical activity of complex 3 was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and the nature of the observed redox couples was elucidated by spectroelectrochemistry. This work has also shown that the reduction of Mn(III)Pc complex to Mn(II)Pc is accompanied by the formation of MnPc μ-oxo species. Further reduction results in the formation of Mn(II)Pc(− 3) rather than Mn(I)Pc(− 2)

Next-Generation Sequencing for Venomics: Application of Multi-Enzymatic Limited Digestion for Inventorying the Snake Venom Arsenal

To improve the characterization of snake venom protein profiles, we report the application of a new generation of proteomic methodology to deeply characterize complex protein mixtures. The new approach, combining a synergic multi-enzymatic and a time-limited digestion (MELD), is a versatile and straightforward protocol previously developed by our group. The higher number of overlapping peptides generated during MELD increases the quality of downstream peptide sequencing and of protein identification. In this context, this work aims at applying the MELD strategy to a venomics purpose for the first time, and especially for the characterization of snake venoms. We used four venoms as the test models for this proof of concept: two Elapidae (Dendroaspis polylepis and Naja naja) and two Viperidae (Bitis arietans and Echis ocellatus). Each venom was reduced and alkylated before being submitted to two different protocols: the classical bottom-up proteomics strategy including a digestion step with trypsin only, or MELD, which combines the activities of trypsin, Glu-C and chymotrypsin with a limited digestion approach. The resulting samples were then injected on an M-Class chromatographic system, and hyphenated to a Q-Exactive Mass Spectrometer. Toxins and protein identification were performed by Peaks Studio X+. The results show that MELD considerably improves the number of sequenced (de novo) peptides and identified peptides from protein databases, leading to the unambiguous identification of a greater number of toxins and proteins. For each venom, MELD was successful, not only in terms of the identification of the major toxins (increasing of sequence coverage), but also concerning the less abundant cellular components (identification of new groups of proteins). In light of these results, MELD represents a credible methodology to be applied as the next generation of proteomics approaches dedicated to venomic analysis. It may open new perspectives for the sequencing and inventorying of the venom arsenal and should expand global knowledge about venom composition

ADDovenom: Thermostable Protein-Based ADDomer Nanoparticles as New Therapeutics for Snakebite Envenoming

Snakebite envenoming can be a life-threatening medical emergency that requires prompt medical intervention to neutralise the effects of venom toxins. Each year up to 138,000 people die from snakebites and threefold more victims suffer life-altering disabilities. The current treatment of snakebite relies solely on antivenom—polyclonal antibodies isolated from the plasma of hyperimmunised animals—which is associated with numerous deficiencies. The ADDovenom project seeks to deliver a novel snakebite therapy, through the use of an innovative protein-based scaffold as a next-generation antivenom. The ADDomer is a megadalton-sized, thermostable synthetic nanoparticle derived from the adenovirus penton base protein; it has 60 high-avidity binding sites to neutralise venom toxins. Here, we outline our experimental strategies to achieve this goal using state-of-the-art protein engineering, expression technology and mass spectrometry, as well as in vitro and in vivo venom neutralisation assays. We anticipate that the approaches described here will produce antivenom with unparalleled efficacy, safety and affordability

Réseaux de multicapteurs électrochimiques pour la détection du monoxyde d'azote et de l'anion peroxynitrite en solution

Nitric oxide (NO*) and peroxynitrite (ONOO−) are involved in several pathologies, including cancer, Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases, and traumatic brain injury. In this work, we describe the development of electrochemical sensors for the simultaneous detection of these two biologically relevant analytes. To meet this goal, we developed a device integrating several arrays of ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs), using photolithographic techniques. In comparison with individual UMEs, these arrays increase the sensitivity of the measurement, as shown by their electrochemical characterization. Several types of membranes, electropolymerized on top of the electrodes, were tested for their ability to enhance the selectivity of NO* measurement against biological interferents. Those studies allowed us to identify a combination of polyeugenol and polyphenol membranes that improves notably the sensor's selectivity. We also developed a strategy to electrochemically detect ONOO−, based on the reduction of its conjugated acid on bare gold electrodes. Based on those approaches, the simultaneous electrochemical detection of NO* and ONOO− from synthetic solutions was performed. Finally, we describe the detection of NO* produced by the RAW 264.7 macrophages cell line.Le monoxyde d'azote (NO*) et l'anion peroxynitrite (ONOO−) sont deux molécules jouant un rôle clé dans de nombreuses pathologies dont certains cancers, les maladies de Parkinson et Alzheimer, ainsi que les traumatismes crâniens. Ce travail décrit le développement de capteurs électrochimiques permettant la détection simultanée de ces deux analytes d'intérêt biologique. Pour atteindre cet objectif, des dispositifs intégrant plusieurs réseaux d'ultramicroélectrodes (UMEs) d'or ont été fabriqués, à l'aide de techniques photolithographiques. La caractérisation électrochimique de ces réseaux montre qu'ils permettent d'améliorer la sensibilité des mesures, en comparaison avec des UMEs individuelles. Afin de rendre la mesure de NO* sélective vis-à-vis des interférents biologiques, nous avons d'abord étudié l'influence de plusieurs types de membranes électropolymérisées à la surface des électrodes. Ceci nous a permis d'identifier une combinaison de membranes de polyeugénol et polyphénol conférant une bonne sélectivité au capteur. Par la suite, nous nous sommes intéressés à la mise au point d'une méthode de détection électrochimique de ONOO−, basée sur la réduction de son acide conjugué à une électrode d'or non modifiée. À la suite de ces études, la détection électrochimique simultanée de NO* et ONOO− a été réalisée dans des solutions synthétiques. Enfin, nous décrivons la détection de NO* produit par des cellules vivantes, les macrophages RAW 264.7

Surface patterning using scanning electrochemical microscopy to locally trigger a “click” chemistry reaction

We report on the surface micropatterning of conductive surfaces via the electrochemical triggering of a click reaction, the copper(I) catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) by SECM via a two-step approach: (i) functionalization on the entire surface with azido-aryl groups by using the diazonium approach followed by (ii) the covalent linkage of alkyne-bearing ferrocene by CuAAC within a local area by SECM. More precisely, the click reaction was triggered by Cu(I) catalyst generation for 30 min at the SECM tip positioned ≈10 μm above the azido-aryl modified surface. The dimension of the spot obtained under these conditions was ≈75 μm. The electrochemical imaging by SECM of the ultra thin area locally clicked with ferrocene moieties was made thanks to the electrocatalytic properties of the ferrocene modified surface towards ferrocyanide electrooxidation. This local clicking procedure opens the gate to further controlled functionalization of restricted small substrates. Keywords: Click reaction, Azido-aryl diazonium, SECM, Local modificatio

Original Dual Microelectrode: Writing and Reading a local click reaction with Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

International audienc

Surface patterning using scanning electrochemical microscopy to locally trigger a “click” chemistry reaction

We report on the surface micropatterning of conductive surfaces via the electrochemical triggering of a click reaction, the copper(I) catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) by SECM via a two-step approach: (i) functionalization on the entire surface with azido-aryl groups by using the diazonium approach followed by (ii) the covalent linkage of alkyne-bearing ferrocene by CuAAC within a local area by SECM. More precisely, the click reaction was triggered by Cu(I) catalyst generation for 30 min at the SECM tip positioned ≈ 10 μm above the azido-aryl modified surface. The dimension of the spot obtained under these conditions was ≈ 75 μm. The electrochemical imaging by SECM of the ultra thin area locally clicked with ferrocene moieties was made thanks to the electrocatalytic properties of the ferrocene modified surface towards ferrocyanide electrooxidation. This local clicking procedure opens the gate to further controlled functionalization of restricted small substrates.Original publication is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.03.02

Surface patterning using scanning electrochemical microscopy to locally trigger a “click” chemistry reaction

We report on the surface micropatterning of conductive surfaces via the electrochemical triggering of a click reaction, the copper(I) catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) by SECM via a two-step approach: (i) functionalization on the entire surface with azido-aryl groups by using the diazonium approach followed by (ii) the covalent linkage of alkyne-bearing ferrocene by CuAAC within a local area by SECM. More precisely, the click reaction was triggered by Cu(I) catalyst generation for 30 min at the SECM tip positioned ≈ 10 μm above the azido-aryl modified surface. The dimension of the spot obtained under these conditions was ≈ 75 μm. The electrochemical imaging by SECM of the ultra thin area locally clicked with ferrocene moieties was made thanks to the electrocatalytic properties of the ferrocene modified surface towards ferrocyanide electrooxidation. This local clicking procedure opens the gate to further controlled functionalization of restricted small substrates.Original publication is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.03.02